Plasma‐Enabled Ternary SnO₂@Sn/Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Aerogel Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

SnO2‐based sodium‐ion batteries usually suffer from rapid capacity fading during the sodiation/desodiation caused by aggregation and cracking of Sn and irreversible formation of Na2O. In this respect, we design a ternary SnO2@Sn core‐shell structure decorated on a nitrogen‐doped graphene aerogel (SnO2@Sn/NGA), which is fabricated by using a microwave plasma‐based process. The converted Na2O can prevent agglomeration of Sn, thus stabilizing the structure during the cycles. Close contact between Na2O and Sn ensures Na+ ion diffusion to the Sn core and reversible conversion of Sn↔ SnO2. Moreover, the deoxygenation effect of the plasma on NGA improves its degree of graphitization and electrical conductivity, which substantially improves the electrode rate performance. As a result, the SnO2@Sn/NGA anode delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 448.5 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1. Importantly, this unique nanohybrid electrode design can be extended to advanced anode materials for both lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries.

Synthesis of a Co–Sn Alloy-Deposited PTFE Film for Enhanced Solar-Driven Water Evaporation via a Super-Absorbent Polymer-Based “Water Pump” Design

“…For the Co–Sn alloy-1, the peaks at 777.1 and 792.2 eV were attributed to Co 2p 3/2 and Co 2p 1/2 of Co 0 (Figure i), respectively . Furthermore, the peaks located at 492.8 eV (Sn 3d 3/2 ) and 484.5 eV (Sn 3d 5/2 ) resulted from Sn 0 (Figure j) . The peaks attributed to Co 2+ , Sn 2+ , and Sn 4+ may be due to the surface oxidation of the Co–Sn alloy caused by exposure to air .…”

“…50 Furthermore, the peaks located at 492.8 eV (Sn 3d 3/2 ) and 484.5 eV (Sn 3d 5/2 ) resulted from Sn 0 (Figure 2j). 51 The peaks attributed to Co 2+ , Sn 2+ , and Sn 4+ may be due to the surface oxidation of the Co−Sn alloy caused by exposure to air. 52 As displayed in Figure S5, the concentrations of the Co 2+ ions released by Co 2.67 S 4 @PTFE at pH = 1.2 and 12 on the 7 th day were 80 and 37 mg L −1 , respectively, while for the CoWO 4−x @PTFE, the corresponding concentrations are 15 and 65 mg L −1 , respectively.…”

Overcoming Ion Transport Barrier by Plasma Heterointerface Engineering: Epitaxial Titanium Carbonitride on Nitrogen‐Doped TiO2for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…In our past studies, the ability of plasmas to induce metastable hybrid phases has also been observed. [ 17 ] In addition, the plasma accelerated other reaction kinetics. The size of TiO 2 nanoparticles becomes more non‐uniform after the plasma processing, suggesting the occurrence of Ostwald ripening.…”

Artificial N-doped Graphene Protective Layer Enables Stable Zn Anode for Aqueous Zn-ion Batteries

“…The peaks at around 1356 and 1576 cm −1 are ascribed to the D-band and G-band, respectively, demonstrating that significant disorder still exists in NGO (Figure S3). 37 The appropriate thickness gives maximum advantage to the electrical conductivity of NGO materials, and the abundant functional groups possess excellent adhesion to ensure the stability of the coating material during the cycling. 38 FT-IR and XPS were carried out to demonstrate the kinds of functional groups and the chemical valence states in NGO@Zn.…”