Plasma endothelin in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a comparison of oral combined and transdermal oestrogen‐only replacement therapy

Saltevo, Juha; Puolakka, Jukka; Ylikorkala, Olavi

doi:10.1046/j.1463-1326.2000.00087.x

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In women with cardiovascular risk factors conflicting data have been presented. Oral and transdermal ERT reduced plasma endothelin values in hypercholesterolemic women [71], whereas no effect for oral HRT and transdermal ERT was found in women with diabetes mellitus type 2 and metabolic syndrome [72].…”

Section: Effects Of Progestogensmentioning

confidence: 85%

Biochemical markers surrogating on vascular effects of sex steroid hormones

Mueck

Seeger

2006

Gynecological Endocrinology

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The main mechanism of possible cardioprotection by estrogens appears to be a direct effect on the vasculature, resulting in an improvement of endothelial function and inhibition of atherogenesis. Numerous observational and experimental studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between estrogens and various biochemical markers surrogating direct vascular effects. In general, most markers are influenced in a similar way by oral and transdermal hormone therapy, although oral therapy may have a faster and more pronounced effect. The main difference between oral and transdermal administration may be confined to markers that are mainly or exclusively produced in the liver. Clinical studies demonstrate that progestogen addition can have an impact on the beneficial estrogen-induced changes of biochemical markers. Concerning the effects of tibolone, inconsistent data have been found. Overall, tibolone-induced beneficial changes on the various biochemical markers appear to be less marked compared with those of hormone therapy. The few data available on the direct effects of androgens on the vascular wall indicate a less favorable action of androgens on biochemical markers than of estrogens. The practical relevance of marker measurements is currently under discussion. Although evidence strongly supports some of these markers as predictors of acute events, it remains to be established whether modifying circulating levels of these markers will influence outcomes.

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Section: Effects Of Progestogensmentioning

confidence: 85%

Biochemical markers surrogating on vascular effects of sex steroid hormones

Mueck

Seeger

2006

Gynecological Endocrinology

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“…Among these, five studies included women with CHD (31,32,36,84,95), 12 included women with established risk factors (diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, or metabolic syndrome in 5 studies) (34,53,55,75,81), hypertension in 3 studies (45,74,78), and (mild) hypercholesterolemia in 4 studies (29,67,85,89), one included women who had undergone a hysterectomy for cervical cancer (27) and the other 52 studies included healthy postmenopausal women (including women hysterectomized for benign reasons).…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twentyone studies included oral comparison groups, which used unopposed E 2 or conjugated equine E. Eight studies included an additional oral E 2 plus progestogen group besides the unopposed E 2 group (38, 41-44, 47, 50, 51). One study used E 2 plus NETA in the oral group (34). Three studies included less than 10 subjects in one of the treatment arms (28,29,37,102).…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review

Hemelaar

Mooren

Rad

et al. 2008

Fertility and Sterility

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“…Circulating endothelin‐1 levels are increased in diabetes (Ferri et al . 1995; Saltevo et al . 2000), and long‐term endothelin‐1 receptor blockade was found to improve cardiovascular function in rats (Verma et al .…”

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confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the modulation of K⁺ currents in diabetic rat cardiac myocytes

Shimoni

Liu

2003

The Journal of Physiology

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A transient (Ipeak) and a sustained (Isus) outward K+ current were measured, using whole‐cell voltage‐clamp methods, in isolated rat ventricular myocytes obtained by enzymatic dispersion. A comparison was made between male and female rats following induction of (insulin‐deficient) diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ). In control (non‐diabetic) rats, both currents were smaller in cells obtained from females, as compared to males (P < 0.005). However, whereas inducing diabetes in male rats significantly attenuated both Ipeak and Isus (P < 0.005), Ipeak was unchanged in female diabetic rats. Isus was significantly (P < 0.005) reduced, but the extent of reduction was smaller (P < 0.02) than in males. The formation of angiotensin II (ATII) or endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) was blocked using inhibitors of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin‐converting enzyme (ECE), respectively. In cells from diabetic males both inhibitors significantly (P < 0.005) enhanced K+ currents. In contrast, no effect was observed in cells from female diabetic rats. However, in ovariectomized (Ovx) diabetic females the in vitro inhibition of ATII and ET‐1 formation augmented the two K+ currents, but not when oestradiol was administered in vivo prior to cell isolation. In cells from diabetic males, incubation with 100 nM 17β‐oestradiol significantly (P < 0.005) enhanced both Ipeak and Isus. This effect was blocked if ATII or ET‐1 was added to the medium. These results show that autocrine modulation of K+ currents by renin‐angiotensin and endothelin systems is attenuated or absent in female diabetic rats. Oestradiol plays a key role in reducing this modulation. These results may underlie some of the sex differences associated with development of cardiac arrhythmias.

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Plasma endothelin in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a comparison of oral combined and transdermal oestrogen‐only replacement therapy

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women is associated with elevated ET-1 levels. Oestrogen replacement therapy does not affect the levels of ET-1 in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome.

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Biochemical markers surrogating on vascular effects of sex steroid hormones

Biochemical markers surrogating on vascular effects of sex steroid hormones

Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review

Sex differences in the modulation of K⁺ currents in diabetic rat cardiac myocytes

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Plasma endothelin in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a comparison of oral combined and transdermal oestrogen‐only replacement therapy

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women is associated with elevated ET-1 levels. Oestrogen replacement therapy does not affect the levels of ET-1 in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome.

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Biochemical markers surrogating on vascular effects of sex steroid hormones

Biochemical markers surrogating on vascular effects of sex steroid hormones

Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review

Sex differences in the modulation of K+ currents in diabetic rat cardiac myocytes

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Product

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Sex differences in the modulation of K⁺ currents in diabetic rat cardiac myocytes