Plasmonic Biosensor Controlled by DNAzyme for On‐Site Genetic Detection of Pathogens

Abstract

On-site predetection of pathogens could significantly decrease of a disease outbreak or national loss in most of the countries. However, conventional detection techniques are limited in use for on-site detection due to the necessity of specialized skill or equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new technique that can predetect pathogens in the field without special skills or equipment. Here, a DNAzyme strategy to control a plasmonic biosensor for rapid and simple visual detection of Salmonella choleraesuis is adopted. Multicomponent DNAzyme formed by target addition can cleave the linker effectively at 50°C. Linker cleavage induces dispersion of two DNA-immobilized gold nanoparticles and color change. Under optimized assay conditions, the target could be detected via visual discrimination sensitively and specifically. Moreover, the biosensor shows the possibility of practical use with contaminants and a 16S rRNA real target. As a result, the proposed plasmonic biosensor can visually detect S. choleraesuis without unstable enzymes, a specialized technique, or equipment. Therefore, these advantages could allow that this biosensor would be used for on-site predetection to lower the risk of transmission of infectious diseases.

Nucleic Acid-Based Nanobiosensor (NAB) Used for Salmonella Detection in Foods: A Systematic Review

“…Choleraesuis, S . Typhimurium, and Salmonella specific with very high sensitivity, exhibiting a detection range from 6.76 to 50 nM with LOD 1 CFU mL −1 [ 15 ]. The species was tested using mismatched targets, called by the author M1, M2, and M3, and were designed with one, two, and three adjacent incompatibilities, presenting to be 100% specific to the bacterium of interest when tested at levels of 0–100 nM.…”

“…Gold is the most used material for this function because of its biocompatibility and its SPR band appearing in the visible region, which often allows detection with the naked eye ( [52,58]). AuNPs were used to improve the specificity of the probe to immobilize two different fragments in the nanoparticle for colorimetric detection of S. Choleraesuis, S. Typhimurium, and Salmonella specific with very high sensitivity, exhibiting a detection range from 6.76 to 50 nM with LOD 1 CFU mL −1 [15]. The species was tested using mismatched targets, called by the author M1, M2, and M3, and were designed with one, two, and three adjacent incompatibilities, presenting to be 100% specific to the bacterium of interest when tested at levels of 0-100 nM.…”

“…Several detection methods were developed to avoid the consumption of contaminated foods with Salmonella [ 13 ]. The classic methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are used, but they have disadvantages such as time-consuming, use of large sample volume, expensive reagents, equipped laboratory, and labor-intensive, which limit their further application, making it necessary to develop the faster techniques that are low cost because the detection of foodborne pathogens at an early stage helps to prevent damage to human health [ 2 , 14 , 15 ]. Accordingly, biosensors are a simple platform to detect Salmonella spp.…”

“…Nanotechnology, in nanomaterials application, has received attention in the development of biosensors as analytical devices [ 9 , 14 ]. DNA detection methods using nanotechnology and biosensors (nanoparticle-based DNA biosensors) have been shown to be an excellent alternative for Salmonella detection in foods because of their simplicity [ 15 , 17 ]. Nanomaterials with different sizes and morphologies have been applied to biosensors [ 2 ].…”

Recent Advances in DNA Nanotechnology for Plasmonic Biosensor Construction

“…Lee et al, also reported the use of DNAzyme conjugated with gold NPs for detecting Salmonella choleraesuis [ 99 ]. This study used multi-component DNAzymes for performing various functions in plasmonic biosensors.…”