Plasmonic Nanomaterial-Based Optical Biosensing Platforms for Virus Detection

Abstract

Plasmonic nanomaterials (P-NM) are receiving attention due to their excellent properties, which include surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, plasmonic resonance energy transfer (PRET), and magneto optical (MO) effects. To obtain such plasmonic properties, many nanomaterials have been developed, including metal nanoparticles (MNP), bimetallic nanoparticles (bMNP), MNP-decorated carbon nanotubes, (MNP-CNT), and MNP-modified graphene (MNP-GRP). These P-NMs may eventually be applied to optical biosensing systems due to their unique properties. Here, probe biomolecules, such as antibodies (Ab), probe DNA, and probe aptamers, were modified on the surface of plasmonic materials by chemical conjugation and thiol chemistry. The optical property change in the plasmonic nanomaterials was monitored based on the interaction between the probe biomolecules and target virus. After bioconjugation, several optical properties, including fluorescence, plasmonic absorbance, and diffraction angle, were changed to detect the target biomolecules. This review describes several P-NMs as potential candidates of optical sensing platforms and introduces various applications in the optical biosensing field.

Recent Progress in Plasmonic Biosensing Schemes for Virus Detection

“…Likewise, the large surface area-to-volume ratio provides a higher loading of biological receptors [ 14 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Depending on their chemical composition, dimension, and physical properties, common types of plasmonic nanomaterials can vary from metallic nanoparticles and quantum dots to graphene nanostructures (i.e., carbon nanocomposites: Nanotubes, nanosheets, nanoflowers) [ 14 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Since the number of nanomaterial-based applications for viral sensing has increased significantly in the last decade, a comprehensive review of recent developments on plasmonic platforms is presented below and summarized in Table 1 .…”

“…Consequently, the requirement for fast and cost-effective viral diagnostic methods has led to putting the focus on the development of real-time biosensing platforms. Among the variety of biosensor technologies that have arisen in the last decades for virus detection, plasmonic applications have gained significant attention, owing to their versatility, label-free monitoring, and low time of response [ 8 , 10 , 14 ]. The potential for multiplexing and system miniaturization are additional benefits for the point-of-care testing [ 15 ].…”

High‐Performance Biosensing Systems Based on Various Nanomaterials as Signal Transducers

“…[71][72][73][74] In particular, the fluorescence intensity or properties of QDs can be tuned through interactions with other types of NPs or CNMs, and interesting synergistic properties can be obtained, such as PRET and fluorescence (or Förster) resonance energy transfer (FRET). [25,75,76] Based on these kinds of synergistic properties, several types of highly sensitive and selective fluoroimmunoassay (FI) has been developed for the detection of biomolecules and infectious viruses. The fluorescence intensity of QDs is enhanced by the PRET phenomenon that occurs via interaction between QDs and plasmonic NPs or CNMs.…”

Electrochemical Detection of White Spot Syndrome Virus With a Silicone Rubber Disposable Electrode Composed of Graphene Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticle-embedded Polyaniline Nanowires

“…Nanomaterials with unique physical, optical and electrochemical properties [23,24] have shown successful detection of viruses with high sensitivity [25][26][27]. Previously, we demonstrated hepatitis E virus detection with a fabricated biosensor electrode constituted by speci c antibodies and nanomaterials based on an engineered impedimetric process [30].…”