Pneumonia in low and middle income countries: progress and challenges

Zar, Heather J.; Madhi, Shabir А.; Aston, Stephen; Gordon, Stephen B.

doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204247

Cited by 119 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Africa (30%) and Southeast Asia (39%) were regions in the world with the highest incidence and severity of pneumonia cases (Zar et al, 2013). Basic Health Survey (RISKESDAS) conducted by Ministry of Health Indonesia reported that pneumonia prevalence among children under-five was 2.13% in 2007 and 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

Indoor Smoke Exposure and Other Risk Factors of Pneumonia among Children Under Five in Karanganyar, Central Java

Nikmah

Rahardjo

Qadrijati

2017

J EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALTH

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Background: Globally, pneumonia is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. It causes one of five deaths in children under five years old worldwide. Approximately 61 million new cases of pneumonia in Sout East Asia occur annually. This study aimed to examine risk factors of pneumonia among children under five in Karanganyar, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted in Karanganyar District, Central Java, from October to November, 2017. Study subjects were selected by fixed disease sampling consisting of 68 children under five years old with pneumonia and 136 without pneumonia. The dependent variable was pneumonia. The independent variables were nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal stress, type of labour, maternal education, maternal job status, family income, number of children, quality of house, quality of environment, and indoor smoke exposure. The data was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: The risk of pneumonia increased with indoor smoke exposure (b= 2.57; 95% CI= 1.54 to 3.60; p< 0.001), number of children ≥3 (b= 1.34; 95% CI= 0.45 to 2.24; p= 0.003), and maternal stres during pregnancy (b= 1.02; 95% CI= 0.16 to 1.88; p= 0.019). The risk of pneumonia decreased with good house environment (b= −0.95; 95% CI= −1.80 to -0.09; p= 0.030), healthy behavior (b= −1.21; 95% CI= −2.09 to −0.33; p= 0.007), and good nutritional status (b= −1.91; 95% CI= −2.92 to −0.90; p<0.001). The risk of pneumonia was indirectly affected by exclusive breastfeding, history of Caesarean section , maternal education, maternal working outside the house, family income, and good quality of house. Conclusion: The risk of pneumonia increases with indoor smoke exposure, but decreases with good house environment, healthy behavior, and good nutritional status.

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confidence: 99%

Indoor Smoke Exposure and Other Risk Factors of Pneumonia among Children Under Five in Karanganyar, Central Java

Nikmah

Rahardjo

Qadrijati

2017

J EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALTH

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“…26 In Canada, viruses accounted for 64% of acute respiratory illness in HIV-infected adult outpatients, with HMPV the second most isolated pathogen, highlighting the potential importance of this pathogen in this group of patients.…”

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confidence: 99%

Human metapneumovirus-associated severe acute respiratory illness hospitalisation in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African children and adults

Groome

Moyes

Cohen

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…2 Dua juta anak berusia kurang dari lima tahun meninggal karena pneumonia per tahunnya, terutama di daerah Afrika dan Asia Tenggara. 3 Data Riskesdas menunjukkan peningkatan persentasi prevalensi pneumonia pada semua umur dari 2,1% pada tahun 2007 menjadi 2,7% pada tahun 2013.…”

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Steroids Effect as Adjuvant Therapy toward Length of Stay and Clinical Symptoms in Pediatric with Pneumonia

Ardyati

Kurniawan²,

Darmawan

2017

Indones J Clin Pharm

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AbstrakTerapi steroid pada anak dengan pneumonia merupakan terapi tambahan yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai penghambat inflamasi yang menekan ekspresi sitokin proinflamasi dan berpotensi mencegah respon inflamasi. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan pemberian steroid tidak memberikan pengaruh dalam pengobatan pada pasien pneumonia, tetapi pada penelitian lain menunjukkan pemberian steroid mengurangi rata-rata lamanya pasien dirawat di rumah sakit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian steroid terhadap rata-rata lamanya pasien dirawat di rumah sakit (LoS) dan tanda klinis pasien anak dengan pneumonia. Penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan penelitian observasional dengan metode prospektif yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah Bantul Yogyakarta pada bulan September 2015 hingga Januari 2016. Lima puluh satu pasien digunakan sebagai subjek penelitian. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 kelompok yakni kelompok non-steroid terdiri dari 25 pasien dan kelompok steroid terdiri dari 26 pasien. Kelompok non-steroid dan steroid masing-masing memiliki nilai rata-rata lamanya pasien dirawat di rumah sakit 5 (3-10) hari dan 4 (3-10) hari. Durasi tanda klinis pasien kelompok steroid dan kelompok non-steroid berturut-turut adalah 2 (0-6) hari dan 2 (0-7) hari untuk demam, batuk 4 (1-10) hari dan 5 (2-10) hari, sesak 1 (0-5) hari dan 1 (0-10) hari, retraksi 1 (0-5) hari dan 1 (0-9) hari. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah steroid sebagai terapi tambahan memberikan efek yang tidak berbeda bermakna terhadap nilai length of stay dan tanda klinis pasien anak dengan pneumonia.Kata kunci: Anak, length of stay, pneumonia, steroid Steroids Effect as Adjuvant Therapy toward Length of Stay and Clinical Symptoms in Pediatric with Pneumonia AbstractSteroid therapy in children with pneumonia is an adjuvant therapy that has inhibitor inflammatory activity which can suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and potentially prevent the inflammatory response. Some studies showed that steroids did not give beneficial effects in the treatment of patients with pneumonia, while the other studies showed that steroids can reduce the length of stay in hospital. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of steroid on the length of stay and clinical symptoms in pediatric patients with pneumonia. This was an observational study with a prospective method in patients with pneumonia in PKU Muhammadiyah Bantul Hospital Yogyakarta from September 2015 until January 2016. A total of fifty one patients participated as subjects of this study. This study consisted of two groups, which were non-steroid group (n=25) and steroid group (n=26). Group of non-steroid and steroid had average value of length of stay of 5 (3-10) days and 4 (3-10) days, respectively. The duration of clinical symptoms of patients in the steroid and non-steroid group in a row was 2 (0-6) days and 2 (0-7) days for symptoms of fever, 4 (1-10) days and 5 (2-10) days for symptoms of cough, 1 (0-5) days and 1 (0-10) days for symptoms of shortness, and ...

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Pneumonia in low and middle income countries: progress and challenges

Cited by 119 publications

References 55 publications

Indoor Smoke Exposure and Other Risk Factors of Pneumonia among Children Under Five in Karanganyar, Central Java

Indoor Smoke Exposure and Other Risk Factors of Pneumonia among Children Under Five in Karanganyar, Central Java

Human metapneumovirus-associated severe acute respiratory illness hospitalisation in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African children and adults

Steroids Effect as Adjuvant Therapy toward Length of Stay and Clinical Symptoms in Pediatric with Pneumonia

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