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            -Acetylglucosamine Matrix Polysaccharide Impedes Fluid Convection and Transport of the Cationic Surfactant Cetylpyridinium Chloride through Bacterial Biofilms

Ganeshnarayan, K.; Shah, Suhagi; Libera, Matthew; Santostefano, Anthony; Kaplan, Jeffrey B.

doi:10.1128/aem.01900-08

Cited by 38 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Indeed, biofilm cells are about 100 to 1000 times more resistant to UV than planktonic cells (Bak et al , 2009). The increased resistance to the anionic surfactant SDS by clumped M. xanthus cells observed in this study also supports the idea that EPS could confer increased environmental resistance to biocides (Ganeshnarayan et al , 2009; Mah and O’Toole, 2001). Our current findings are in agreement with the general observation that aggregates of bacterial cells (flocs or floccules) that are not attached to a surface share many characteristics with surface attached biofilms (Costerton et al ., 1995; Hall-Stoodley et al ., 2004).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of exopolysaccharide production on liquid vegetative growth, stress survival, and stationary phase recovery in Myxococcus xanthus

Wang

Mchardy

et al. 2012

J Microbiol.

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Exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Myxococcus xanthus is a well-regulated cell surface component. In addition to its known functions for social motility and fruiting body formation on solid surfaces, EPS has also been proposed to play a role in multi-cellular clumping in liquid medium, though this phenomenon has not been well studied. In this report, we confirmed that M. xanthus clumps formed in liquid were correlated with EPS levels and demonstrated that the EPS encased cell clumps exhibited biofilm-like structures. The clumps protected the cells at physiologically relevant EPS concentrations, while cells lacking EPS exhibited significant reduction in long-term viability and resistance to stressful conditions. However, excess EPS production was counterproductive to vegetative growth and viable cell recovery declined in extended late stationary phase as cells became trapped in the matrix of clumps. Therefore, optimal EPS production by M. xanthus is important for normal physiological functions in liquid.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of exopolysaccharide production on liquid vegetative growth, stress survival, and stationary phase recovery in Myxococcus xanthus

Wang

Mchardy

et al. 2012

J Microbiol.

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“…These authors demonstrated that in the absence of any electrostatic interactions, the majority of particles tested could penetrate and diffuse into a biofilm, suggesting that nothing prevented the diffusion of antimicrobial agents as a function of their size from a steric standpoint. Conversely, the diffusion of positively charged particles within negatively charged biofilms was hindered because of electrostatic interactions, as has also been proposed for cationic cetylpyridinium chloride (Ganeshnarayan et al 2009). During the past 10 years, the emergence of innovative optical microscopy techniques such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and improvements in Table 1 fluorescent labeling, have provided an opportunity for the direct investigation of biocide reactivity within the native structure of biofilms (Bridier et al 2011b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: a review

et al. 2011

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A biofilm can be defined as a community of microorganisms adhering to a surface and surrounded by a complex matrix of extrapolymeric substances. It is now generally accepted that the biofilm growth mode induces microbial resistance to disinfection that can lead to substantial economic and health concerns. Although the precise origin of such resistance remains unclear, different studies have shown that it is a multifactorial process involving the spatial organization of the biofilm. This review will discuss the mechanisms identified as playing a role in biofilm resistance to disinfectants, as well as novel anti-biofilm strategies that have recently been explored.

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“…The least-squares regressed line is shown as a dashed line. CHX and CPC in particular are thought to sorb to matrix constituents (5,34). We sought to address the question of how fast do actives penetrate biofilm?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Penetration and Efficacy in an In Vitro Oral Biofilm Model

Corbin

Pitts

Parker

et al. 2011

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The penetration and overall efficacy of six mouthrinse actives was evaluated by using an in vitro flow cell oral biofilm model. The technique involved preloading biofilm cells with a green fluorescent dye that leaked out as the cells were permeabilized by a treatment. The loss of green color, and of biomass, was observed by time-lapse microscopy during 60 min of treatment under continuous flow conditions. The six actives analyzed were ethanol, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride, and nisin. Each of these agents effected loss of green fluorescence throughout biofilm cell clusters, with faster action at the edge of a cell cluster and slower action in the cluster center. The time to reach half of the initial fluorescent intensity at the center of a cell cluster, which can be viewed as a combined penetration and biological action time, ranged from 0.6 to 19 min for the various agents. These times are much longer than the predicted penetration time based on diffusion alone, suggesting that anti-biofilm action was controlled more by the biological action time than by the penetration time of the active. None of the agents tested caused any removal of the biofilm. The extent of fluorescence loss after 1 h of exposure to an active ranged from 87 to 99.5%, with CHX being the most effective. The extent of fluorescence loss in vitro, but not penetration and action time, correlated well with the relative efficacy data from published clinical trials.

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Poly- N -Acetylglucosamine Matrix Polysaccharide Impedes Fluid Convection and Transport of the Cationic Surfactant Cetylpyridinium Chloride through Bacterial Biofilms

Cited by 38 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of exopolysaccharide production on liquid vegetative growth, stress survival, and stationary phase recovery in Myxococcus xanthus

Effects of exopolysaccharide production on liquid vegetative growth, stress survival, and stationary phase recovery in Myxococcus xanthus

Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: a review

Antimicrobial Penetration and Efficacy in an In Vitro Oral Biofilm Model

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