Polymer blends of polyamide-6 (PA6) and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) compatibilized by styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer

Chiang, Chiu-Chih; Chang, Feng‐Chih

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(96)00015-8

Cited by 104 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The formation of PS-g-PA copolymer during the blending has been confirmed by IR and rheological methods in many studies. 1,2,27 Morphological observations of the blends indicate that styreneglycidyl methacrylate can be used as a good interfacial agent for compatibilizing PA6/sPS blends and to promote adhesion between the matrix and the dispersed phase. Figure 2a-2c show the cryogenically fractured surfaces of the same set of PA6/sPS blends after solvent etching.…”

Section: Morphology Of the Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This lightly grafted copolymer has been demonstrated to be the most efficient compatibilizer. 1,2 However, low GMA content is also expected to form only small amounts of SG-g-PA6 copolymer during melt blending; their compatibilizing effect is therefore limited. On the other hand, higher GMA content in SG may produce an excessively grafted comb-like copolymer.…”

Section: Morphology Of the Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attempts have been made to improve these deficiencies by blending of PA with poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO). [1][2][3][4][5][6] However, incorporation of PPO usually caused a reduction in chemical stability resulting from poor solvent resistance of PPO.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For blends containing polyamide, reactive compatibilization is regarded to be a better approach to improve compatibility. 1,[23][24][25][26][27] Styrene/glycidyl methacrylate (SG) copolymers have been demonstrated to be effective reactive compatibilizers for PA/aPS 27 and PA/PPO systems. 2 Research showed that aPS was miscible with sPS, [28][29][30][31] and thus this styrene-containing copolymers should be applicable as a reactive compatibilizer for PA6/sPS blends.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Compatibilization of Polyamide-6/Syndiotactic Polystyrene Blends Using Styrene/Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymers

Chen

Tang

et al. 2003

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:Blends of polyamide-6 (PA6) with syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) were prepared using a series of styrene/glycidyl methacrylate (SG) copolymers as compatibilizers. These copolymers are miscible with sPS, and the epoxide units in SG are capable of reacting with PA6 end groups. These copolymers thus have the potential to form SGg-PA6 graft copolymers at the PA6/sPS interface during melt processing. This study focuses on the effects of functionality and concentration of the compatibilizer on the morphological, mechanical and crystallization behaviors of the blends. In general, SG copolymers are effective in reducing the sPS domain size and improving the interfacial adhesion. About 5 wt% glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is the optimum content in SG copolymer that produces the best compatibilization. Both the strength and modulus of the blend have been improved on addition of the SG copolymers, accompanying a loss in toughness when higher concentration copolymer is added. Incorporation of SG compatibilizers to PA6/sPS blend has little influence on the crystallization behavior of PA6 component but resulted in a steady reduction in intensity of crystallinity peak of sPS and simultaneous crystallization of sPS with PA6 is observed.

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Section: Morphology Of the Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphology Of the Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Compatibilization of Polyamide-6/Syndiotactic Polystyrene Blends Using Styrene/Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymers

Chen

Tang

et al. 2003

Polym J

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Correlation Studies of Paint Adhesion to Surface Morphology of Compatibilized PPE / PA Blends

Preschilla

Kishore

Meerman

et al. 2005

MAM

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Compatibilized blends of Polyamide (PA) and Polyphenylene ether (PPE) have been used extensively for automotive exterior body panels due their combination of physical properties, chemical resistance and processability [1]. An important attribute of these materials is their ability to be painted with typical high gloss automotive paint systems. While surface properties such as morphology, composition, PA crystallinity etc. might be expected to influence paint adhesion, a systematic study towards identifying the possible factors that enhance or deteriorate paint adhesion has not been reported.This report briefly describes surface characterization studies of various factors believed to influence paint adhesion performance of compatibilized, impact modified PPE / PA blends. It has been observed that for specific paint systems, painting processes and the standard steam jet adhesion test method [2] formulated by the automotive manufacturers, paint adhesion varies with changing molding conditions. Detailed surface characterization of selected samples -with paint adhesion ranging from extremely good to poor -was carried out with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TEM studies suggest that surface morphology; the size and shape of PPE domains in particular, play a vital role in paint adhesion performance. A non-sheared surface morphology, with uniformly dispersed PPE domains having a size distribution centered about 1.5µm (Fig. 1a), was consistently observed to result in painted specimens possessing good paint adhesion. The presence of sheared PPE (Fig. 1b), densely dispersed small PPE domains with an average size distribution less than 0.5 µm (Fig. 1c), or clustered PPE domains (Fig. 1d) at the surface were observed in painted specimens possessing poorer paint adhesion. In the case of samples with highly sheared PPE domains (Fig. 1b), stress relaxation leading to initiation of micro-cracks at the surface may explain poor paint adhesion. All three morphologies shown in Fig. 1 (b) -(d) appear to have lesser availability of PA on the surface. PA as a polar material is believed to play an important role in obtaining good paint adhesion. XPS analysis of these samples supports this (Table 1) as seen by the differences in surface PA content; 73% for the samples with good adhesion as compared to PA content as low as about 57% for samples with poor paint adhesion. XRD studies (Fig. 2) suggest that PA crystallinity did not significantly differ in samples having good or poor paint adhesion. From these experiments, surface morphology would appear to play a key role in paint adhesion in compatibilized PPE / PA blends. This suggests that optimization of molding parameters to obtain the desired morphology rich in surface PA content may directly enhance paint adhesion performance of a molded body panel.

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Compatibilization and elastomer toughening of polyamide-6 (PA6)/poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) blends

Chiou¹,

Wu²,

Wu³

et al. 1999

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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In the elastomer-modified (polyamide-6/poly(phenylene ether) (PA6/PPE) ϭ 50/50 blends, poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) was demonstrated to be an efficient reactive compatibilizer. The G1651 elastomer was shown to be an effective impact modifier to result in superior toughness and heat-deflection temperature (HDT) than is the 1901X elastomer for the SMA-compatibilized blends because G1651 particles exclusively reside within the dispersed PPE phase but 1901X particles tend to distribute in the PA6 matrix and/or along the interface. The apparent average diameter of the dispersed PPE phase is insignificantly dependent on the elastomer content in the G1651-modified blend, whereas it increases with increase of the elastomer content in the 1901X-modified blend. Moreover, there exists a critical elastomer content, 15 phr, for the ductile-brittle transition of the G1651-modified SMA-modified PA6/PPE blends.

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Polymer blends of polyamide-6 (PA6) and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) compatibilized by styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer

Cited by 104 publications

References 18 publications

Compatibilization of Polyamide-6/Syndiotactic Polystyrene Blends Using Styrene/Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymers

Compatibilization of Polyamide-6/Syndiotactic Polystyrene Blends Using Styrene/Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymers

Correlation Studies of Paint Adhesion to Surface Morphology of Compatibilized PPE / PA Blends

Compatibilization and elastomer toughening of polyamide-6 (PA6)/poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) blends

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