Polymer Ion-Exchangers Modified with Zirconium Hydrophosphate for Removal of Cd²⁺Ions from Diluted Solutions

Heterogeneous Membranes Modified with Nanoparticles of Inorganic Ion-Exchangers for Whey Demineralization

“…Impregnation of the cation-exchange resin with a ZrOCl2 solution followed by treatment with phosphoric acid causes deposition of the non-aggregated nanoparticles (4-20 nm) inside the polymer matrix [12,13]. They are evidently stabilized by walls of the transport pores.…”

“…Earlier we have proposed the parameter: it is a ratio of volumes of transport pores and pores, which are free from functional groups [12]. The movement of species through the cluster-channel system depends also on the content of bonded and free water.…”

“…Ion transport through the ion-exchange membranes is determined by a ratio of volumes of different types of pores [12,13]. Earlier we have proposed the parameter: it is a ratio of volumes of transport pores and pores, which are free from functional groups [12].…”

“…Another approach is modification of the membranes, which are produced by industry, with nanoparticles of inorganic ion-exchanger [11]. This way allows us to incorporate single nanoparticles [12][13][14] or their aggregates [15]. Each type of the particles affects functional properties of the membranes, however, this problem was not researched.…”

Organic-inorganic materials containing nanoparticles of zirconium hydrophosphate for baromembrane separation

“…Polymer matrix was filled with zirconium hydrophosphate (ZHP), a choice of the modifier due to its chemical stability and possibility to obtain nanosized particles inside polymer pores [25][26][27][28]. In opposite to hydrated zirconium dioxide, which was used for the modification of ceramics, ZHP is characterized by higher surface charge density in neutral solutions.…”