Polymer powders for selective laser sintering (SLS)

Schmid, Manfred; Amado, Antonio Argüelles; Wegener, Konrad

doi:10.1063/1.4918516

Cited by 191 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The surrounding non-fused powder acts as a support structure, making complex geometries and undercuts easily accessible by means of PBF. However, these advantages come with some drawbacks, as the requirements on the powder feedstock material used for PBF are very demanding [6]. Not only the polymer material properties like the thermal processing window [7], isothermal crystallization [8], and melt viscosities [9,10], but also the bulk solid properties like packing density, flowability, size distribution, and shape [11], as well as the optical properties [12] need to be optimized.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of Polyoxymethylene Particles via the Solution-Dissolution Process and Application to the Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers

2020

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In this study, the development of a polyoxymethylene (POM) feedstock material for the powder bed fusion (PBF) of polymers is outlined. POM particles are obtained via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and precipitation, also known as the solution-dissolution process. In order to identify suitable POM solvent systems for LLPS and precipitation, in the first step, a solvent screening based on solubility parameters was performed, and acetophenone and triacetin were identified as the most promising suitable moderate solvents for POM. Cloud point curves were measured for both solvents to derive suitable temperature profiles and polymer concentrations for the solution-dissolution process. In the next step, important process parameters, namely POM concentration and stirring conditions, were studied to elucidate their effect on the product’s properties. The product particles obtained from both aforementioned solvents were characterized with regard to their morphology and size distribution, as well as their thermal properties (cf. the PBF processing window) and compared to a cryo-milled POM PBF feedstock. Both solvents allowed for precipitation of POM particles of an appropriate size distribution for PBF for polymer concentrations of at least up to 20 wt.%. Finally, a larger powder batch for application in the PBF process was produced by precipitation from the preferred solvent acetophenone. This POM powder was further analyzed concerning its flowability, Hausner ratio, and mass-specific surface area. Finally, test specimens, namely a complex gyroid body and a detailed ornament, were successfully manufactured from this feedstock powder showing appropriate bulk solid and thermal properties to demonstrate PBF processability. In summary, a processable and suitable POM PBF feedstock could be developed based on the non-mechanical solution dissolution process, which, to the authors’ best knowledge, has not been reported in previous studies.

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confidence: 99%

Development of Polyoxymethylene Particles via the Solution-Dissolution Process and Application to the Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers

2020

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“…A limited number of investigated features could be considered as another reason for such model performance. Since many studies have earlier reported that material properties have a significant impact on mechanical properties [3,13,18,23,41], and in this study they are not considered, this may have an impact on the obtained results.…”

Section: Prediction Of Tensile Modulus and Comparison Of Models' Perfmentioning

confidence: 95%

Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Predict the Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 2200 (PA12) in Additive Manufacturing

Baturynska

2019

Applied Sciences

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive technology for the manufacturing industry due to flexibility in its design and functionality, but inconsistency in quality is one of the major limitations preventing utilizing this technology for the production of end-use parts. The prediction of mechanical properties can be one of the possible ways to improve the repeatability of results. The part placement, part orientation, and STL model properties (number of mesh triangles, surface, and volume) are used to predict tensile modulus, nominal stress, and elongation at break for polyamide 2200 (also known as PA12). An EOS P395 polymer powder bed fusion system was used to fabricate 217 specimens in two identical builds (434 specimens in total). Prediction is performed for XYZ, XZY, ZYX, and Angle orientations separately, and all orientations together. The different non-linear models based on machine learning methods have higher prediction accuracy compared with linear regression models. Linear regression models only have prediction accuracy higher than 80% for Tensile Modulus and Elongation at break in Angle orientation. Since orientation-based modeling has low prediction accuracy due to a small number of data points and lack of information about the material properties, these models need to be improved in the future based on additional experimental work.

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“…55,56 The working procedure of SLS is well explained in Mazzoli. 67 The different classes of polymers available for SLS process are discussed in Drummer et al 57 and Schmid et al 58 Particularly in biomedical engineering, the scope of SLS is huge. [59][60][61][62][63][64] Further, blended polymers as well as PMCs are also suitable for SLS processing.…”

Section: Selective Laser Sinteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing of polymer composites: A short review

Singh

Ramakrishna

Berto

2019

Mat Design & Process Comms

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Composite or reinforced materials, especially in the class of polymers, are becoming prominent materials for the diversified range of engineering and scientific utilities because of their physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural excellences. Indeed, the main credit for the widespread acknowledgment of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) goes to the various types of natural and synthetic reinforcements, which resulted in good interfacial chemistries. However, the intrinsic challenges of traditional manufacturing technologies always presented restrictions in the development of application specific PMCs. Reportedly, with an evolution of three‐dimensional printing (3DP) technologies, the applications of PMCs have been transformed as these enabled the production of near‐net shapes with high degree of control over the design, reinforcements, and processing parametric while maintaining the waste associated at minimal level. However, the industrial benefits of 3DP technologies for still limited owing to the lack of awareness among the young professionals and industrialists. Moreover, the literature available in this regard is either too scattered making it tedious for the professionals to go through or limited to only fundamental concepts. Therefore, the concept of this review paper is to provide brief research‐based insights of different 3DP technologies (namely, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, and inkjet printing), material systems, applications, and the future paradigms of research as a short and precise document.

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Polymer powders for selective laser sintering (SLS)

Cited by 191 publications

References 4 publications

Development of Polyoxymethylene Particles via the Solution-Dissolution Process and Application to the Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers

Development of Polyoxymethylene Particles via the Solution-Dissolution Process and Application to the Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers

Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Predict the Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 2200 (PA12) in Additive Manufacturing

3D Printing of polymer composites: A short review

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