Polymicrogyria in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Reinhardt, K; Mohr, Arno; Gartner, J. Carlton; Hl, Spohr; Brockmann, Knut

doi:10.1055/s-0030-1265586

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Different types of neuronal anomalies have been associated with the period of alcohol drinking during pregnancy: craniofacial and neuronal tube anomalies are possible in the case of ethanol consumption in the first month of gestation; abnormal glial and neuronal proliferation, generation, and migration may develop from use in the second trimester; abnormal synaptogenesis, glial development, and increased natural cell death and necrosis may be promoted in the case of exposure during the third trimester of gestation . Previous neuropathologic and neuroradiologic studies identified a wide range of brain malformations in FASD, including holoprosencephaly, anencephaly, hydrocephaly, parietal lobe hypoplasia, cerebellar vermis dysgenesis, corpus callosum agenesis or hypoplasia, basal ganglia hypoplasia, and polymicrogyria . Some of us have also described the first reported case of schizencephaly in FAS: This 3‐year‐old patient, still being followed in our center, has not been included in this study because of an absence of seizures in her medical history.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seizures in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Evaluation of clinical, electroencephalographic, and neuroradiologic features in a pediatric case series

et al. 2014

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SUMMARYSeizures are observed with a frequency of 3-21% in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). However, clinical, neuroradiologic, and electroencephalography (EEG) features are poorly described. In this study, 13 patients with FASD and epilepsy or seizures were identified retrospectively from the databases of seven Italian pediatric neurology divisions. Eleven children were affected by epilepsy, and two had at least one documented seizure. Both generalized and focal seizures were observed. EEG showed diffuse or focal epileptic activity; two children developed electric status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). Structural brain anomalies, including polymicrogyria, nodular heterotopia, atrophy, and Arnold-Chiari type 1 malformation, were discovered in almost 50% of patients. Control of seizures was not difficult to obtain in 11 cases; one patient showed pharmacoresistant epilepsy. EEG and clinical follow-up are recommended in children with FASD and epilepsy, since severe conditions requiring aggressive treatment, such as in ESES, may develop. Neuroradiological evaluation is warranted because several types of brain anomalies could be associated with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seizures in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Evaluation of clinical, electroencephalographic, and neuroradiologic features in a pediatric case series

et al. 2014

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“…For instance, ethanol exposure appears to reduce the overall size of the frontal cortex while increasing its thickness (Sowell et al, 2002, 2008). Frontal cortex atrophy and polymicrogyria have also been reported (Riikonen et al, 1999; Reinhardt et al, 2010). The cerebellum is another structure that consistently exhibits a reduced volume, especially its anterior vermis (Sowell et al, 1996; O'Hare et al, 2005).…”

Section: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disordersmentioning

confidence: 96%

Neuroimmune mechanisms in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Kane

Phelan

Drew

2012

Developmental Neurobiology

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a major health concern worldwide and results from maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. It produces tremendous individual, social, and economic losses. This review will first summarize the structural, functional and behavior changes seen in FASD. The development of the neuroimmune system will be then be described with particular emphasis on the role of microglial cells in the normal regulation of homeostatic function in the central nervous system (CNS) including synaptic transmission. The impact of alcohol on the neuroimmune system in the developing CNS will be discussed in the context of several key immune molecules and signaling pathways involved in neuroimmune mechanisms that contribute to FASD. This review concludes with a summary of the development of early therapeutic approaches utilizing immunosuppressive drugs to target alcohol-induced pathologies. The significant role played by neuroimmune mechanisms in alcohol addiction and pathology provides a focus for future research aimed at understanding and treating the consequences of FASD.

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“…3 , and brain surface extent is smaller in anterior and orbital frontal regions (Sowell et al 2002a ). Further, case studies report frontal cortical atrophy (Riikonen et al 1999 ), and polymicrogyria in the superior frontal gyrus (Reinhardt et al 2010 ). Notably, one study found a progressive decrease in frontal lobe volume across diagnostic groups, with the FAS/pFAS group demonstrating significant differences from the static encephalopathy group, suggesting that smaller volume may be related to the facial dysmorphology associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (Astley et al 2009 ).…”

Section: Regional Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects with FASD are delayed in a number of cognitive domains (Jacobson and Jacobson 2002 ; R. A. Mukherjee et al 2006 ), and generally have lower IQ and other cognitive scores than controls (Mattson et al 1997 ). Most studies report IQ for alcohol-exposed subjects, and in those studies that do report IQ, the alcohol-exposed group always has lower IQ than either standard scores (mean IQ score in the general population is 100) or the control group (Archibald et al 2001 ; Astley et al 2009 ; Autti-Ramo et al 2002 ; Bjorkquist et al 2010 , 2001 , 2002a , b ; Clark et al 2000 ; Coles et al 2011 ; Cortese et al 2006 ; Li et al 2008 ; Mattson et al 1992 , 1994 , 1996 ; O’Hare et al 2005 ; Reinhardt et al 2010 ; Riikonen et al 1999 , 2005 ; Riley et al 1995 ; Roebuck et al 2002 ; Roussotte et al 2011 ; Sowell et al 2001a , b , 2002a , b ; Swayze et al 1997 ; Willoughby et al 2008 ). Linking cognitive deficits such as lower IQ in subjects with prenatal alcohol exposure to the underlying brain structure is important because it helps to understand the complex nature of the associated disorder and tease out the relationships between brain abnormalities and the observed behavior.…”

Section: Brain-behavior Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging the Impact of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on the Structure of the Developing Human Brain

2011

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Prenatal alcohol exposure has numerous effects on the developing brain, including damage to selective brain structure. We review structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of brain abnormalities in subjects prenatally exposed to alcohol. The most common findings include reduced brain volume and malformations of the corpus callosum. Advanced methods have been able to detect shape, thickness and displacement changes throughout multiple brain regions. The teratogenic effects of alcohol appear to be widespread, affecting almost the entire brain. The only region that appears to be relatively spared is the occipital lobe. More recent studies have linked cognition to the underlying brain structure in alcohol-exposed subjects, and several report patterns in the severity of brain damage as it relates to facial dysmorphology or to extent of alcohol exposure. Future studies exploring relationships between brain structure, cognitive measures, dysmorphology, age, and other variables will be valuable for further comprehending the vast effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and for evaluating possible interventions.

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Polymicrogyria in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Seizures in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Evaluation of clinical, electroencephalographic, and neuroradiologic features in a pediatric case series

Seizures in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Evaluation of clinical, electroencephalographic, and neuroradiologic features in a pediatric case series

Neuroimmune mechanisms in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Imaging the Impact of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on the Structure of the Developing Human Brain

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