Polyphenol Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Are Anti-inflammatory and Increase the Survival Rate of Chickens Challenged with <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Abstract

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes inflammation in multiple organs of chickens called avian colibacillosis, and results in serious economic loss to the chicken industry. Polyphenolic compounds possess a wide range of physiological activities that may contribute to their beneficial effects against inflammation-related diseases. In this study, the curative effect and mechanism of action of the polyphenolic extracts from Punica granatum L. and Terminalia chebula RETZ. in chickens challenged with APEC were studied. Specific-pathogen-free white Leghorn chickens (males, 21-d old) were challenged with APEC and then given oral administration of extracts of P. granatum and T. chebula. The extracts decreased the morbidity and inflammation induced by APEC. Data from quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the extracts of P. granatum and T. chebula polyphenols (GCP) reversed the over-expression genes of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 4, and 5, down-regulated the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathways, and inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Naturally occurring GCP may be a potential alternative medicine for the prevention or treatment of avian colibacillosis. Key words polyphenol; Escherichia coli; specific-pathogen-free chick; anti-inflammatoryAvian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) 1) are E. coli strains that can cause acute and predominant systemic colibacillosis in birds. Avian colibacillosis is a complex syndrome characterized by multiple organ lesions with airsacculitis and associated pericarditis, perihepatitis and with peritonitis being most typical; and the additional diseases, septicaemia, chronic respiratory disease, vitellus infection, salpingitis, peritonitis, chronic skin infections, and osteomyelitis, 2) and swollen head syndrome 3) are usually involved. APEC is found in the intestinal microflora of healthy birds and most of the diseases associated with them result from environmental and host predisposing factors. APEC strains cause invasive infection in chickens, and more specifically in broilers. Diseases resulting from APEC decrease growth rate, increase mortality and morbidity, and cause significant economic losses in the poultry industry.2) APEC also can be transmitted to other animals or even humans by certain vectors, and can be a human health risk. 3,4)At present, the approach for the prevention and control of APEC infections include the control of environmental contamination and environmental parameters such as humidity and ventilation. Vaccines containing killed or attenuated virulent bacteria protect against infection with the homologous strain, but are less efficient against heterologous strains. Therefore, vaccination for colibacillosis is not widely practiced due to the large variety of strains involved in field outbreaks.1) Chemical drugs (antibiotics) are widely used, but antimicrobial compounds often eradicate intestinal commensal bacteria as well as pathogenic bacteria. The...

Effects of chestnut tannins on intestinal morphology, barrier function, pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression, microflora and antioxidant capacity in heat‐stressed broilers

“…The findings suggest that CT supplementation can ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response induced by heat stress. A previous study reported that polyphenolic extracts from Punica granatum and Terminalia chebula reduced the mRNA expression of various pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including IL‐1β, IL‐8 and TNF‐α, in the ileum of broilers challenged with Escherichia coli (Zhong et al., ). Polyphenol‐rich extracts of grape and hops were also reported to be anti‐inflammatory in the intestinal mucosa of pigs (Fiesel, Gessner, Most, & Eder, ).…”

Effect of pomegranate powder on the heat inactivation of Escherichia coli O104:H4 in ground chicken

“…Asadishad, Hidalgo, and Tufenkji (2012) discovered that a pomegranate rind extract and fractions with a molecular weight between 1000 and 3000 kDa strongly inhibited flagellin gene expression on motility of uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073, suggesting that they might be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment and prevention of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. It has also been found by Zhong et al (2014) that polyphenol extracts from pomegranates protected against inflammation and increased the survival rate of chickens challenged with avian pathogenic E. coli that cause inflammation in organs called colibacillosis, suggesting the potential of the extracts as an alternative medicine for the prevention or treatment of avian colibacillosis. Pagliarulo et al (2016) reported that both pomegranate aril and peel extracts containing multiple bioactive molecules (anthocyanins, catechins, tannins, gallic and ellagic acids) inhibited the bacterial growth of two clinical isolates of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus that are involved in foodborne illness.…”

Suppresses of Astragalus Polysaccharide on E. coli-Induced Injured Intestinal Microvascular through TLR4-NF-κB Signal Pathways in Chickens

“…In inflammatory processes of organ tissues, endothelial cells were exposed to various stimuli, including E. coli, inflammatory cytokines, and activated (Molema, 2010), then followed by the increase of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. For example, E. coli in ovo administration stimulated the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in 35-day old chicken ileum intestinal tissue (Zhong et al, 2014), and kidneys in pig (Thorgersen et al, 2013). But APS had a preventive effect against endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, improving endothelial survival (Zhu et al, 2013).…”

“…After binding LPS, TLR4 and its downstream NF-κB are activated, subsequently activated NF-κB translocates into the nucleus to regulate target gene expression (Faure et al, 2000). For example, avian pathogenic E. coli challenge activated TLR4 and NF-κB and stimulated the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNF-α and IL-1β in 21-day old chicken ileum intestinal tissue (Zhong et al, 2014). APS inhibited the increase in the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in 35-day old broilers jejunal mucosa (Liu et al, 2015) and the translocation of NF-κB in murine (Lu et al, 2016) with LPS-induced.…”

“…The increase in E-selectin expression on the membrane of endothelial cells causes mononuclear cells adhesion to the vascular endothelium (Jubeli et al, 2012), then overexpression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 stimulate immune cells and monocytes recruitment and migration into the intimal area of the vascular wall, firm adhesion and transmigration of the cells into the tissue, and causes local thrombosis and vascular cells dysfunction (Conatans & Conri, 2006;Videm & Albrigtsen, 2008). It was shown that E. coli injection significantly increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA abundance in the kidneys (Thorgersen et al, 2013) and in 28-day old chicken ileum intestinal tissue (Zhong et al, 2014). Astragaloside IV, the main component of APS, significantly suppressed LPS-induced expression levels of E-selectin and VCAM-1 in human vascular endothelial cells (Zhang et al, 2003;Hao et al, 2004).…”