“…This flow behavior as liquid makes LM a promising material candidate for various applications ( Bartlett et al., 2017 ; Dickey, 2014 ; Jeong et al., 2015 ; Palleau et al., 2013 ; Zhu et al., 2013 ) but limits its applications at the same time. This crucial limit of processability has created the need for various approaches for processing LM such as filling/removing LM into/from a tube ( Khan et al., 2014a , 2014b ; Lin et al., 2017 ), direct writing/3D printing of LM ( Ladd et al., 2013 ; Neumann and Dickey, 2020 ), direct writing of LM composite ( Neumann et al., 2020 ; Rahim et al., 2021 ), and 3D printing of carbon nanotube/LM composites ( Park et al., 2019a , 2019b ). Among these efforts, Ladd et al., reported the oxide layer of the LM allows the LM itself to be used as a 3D printable material ( Ladd et al., 2013 ).…”