Polypyrrole actuators for tremor suppression

Skaarup, Steen; Mogensen, Naja; Bay, Lasse; West, Keld

doi:10.1117/12.484406

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…An additional, important property of conjugated polymers is that they form a class of "soft actuators" that may be especially suitable for use in combination with human limbs, for instance in the suppression of tremor [8,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion and solvent transport in polypyrrole: Experimental test of osmotic model

Velmurugu

Skaarup

2005

Ionics

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Abstract. Ion and solvent transport in the conjugated polymer actuator material, polypyrrole doped with the immobile anion dodecyl benzene sulphonate, has been investigated by simultaneous cyclic voltammetry and Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance measurements. The purpose was to elucidate the precise nature of the mobile species during redox cycling, and to seek confirmation for the osmotic mechanism of actuation. Three testable aspects of the model were confirmed: The number of inserted H20 molecules decreases with electrolyte concentration; at the same time the mechanism gradually changes from almost pure cation transport to ca. equal amount of anion transport; exchanging Br for C1-ions has only negligible effect at lower concentrations at equal osmotic pressures. Approximately, 4 H20 molecules are tightly bound to each Na + ion at concentrations < 1 M.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion and solvent transport in polypyrrole: Experimental test of osmotic model

Velmurugu

Skaarup

2005

Ionics

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“…2 and 3, the actuation strains produced by the actuators are higher at low scan rates. In similar studies on polypyrrole, Skaarup and co-workers observed a decrease of strain from 1% to less than 0.2% when the potential scan rate was increased from 1 mV/s to 100 mV/s [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Poly(3-methylthiophene) electrochemical actuators showing increased strain and work per cycle at higher operating stresses

Truong

Whitten

et al. 2006

Polymer

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Conducting polymers, such as polythiophenes, are promising low voltage actuator materials. The performance of these materials has improved significantly in recent years. A remaining problem, however, is the significant decline in the actuation strain produced when the external stress is increased. Using a poly(3-methylthiophene) actuator in an ionic liquid electrolyte it is shown that the isotonic actuation actually increases with increasing applied stress. The work output per cycle consequently increases at higher stresses, which is very desirable for practical devices. Although theoretically predicted, these results are the first demonstration of the increased actuator performance at higher operating stresses. The actuation behaviour was found to be strongly dependent upon the operating electrolyte and explained by the shifts in the elastic modulus of the actuator material that occurred during operation.

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“…However, how the characteristics of these mobile ions, such as charge and size, affect the redox properties, including reduction and oxidation speed and volume change, has not been fully explored. Understanding the effect of different ions on the response of conjugated polymers is especially important for devices operated in biofluids [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], which contain a mixture of ionic species such as Na + , K + , and Ca 2+ .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cycling conjugated polymers with different cations

Wang

Smela

2006

SPIE Proceedings

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The ions present in the electrolyte in which a conjugated polymer actuator is cycled are known to affect performance. Understanding how force, response time, and strain are affected by ion size and other ion characteristics is critical to applications, but is not yet well understood. In this paper, we present the effect of alkali cation size on transport velocity and volume change in polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate, PPy(DBS), which is a cation-transporting material. Volume change measured by mechanical profilometry is greatest for Li + and decreases in order of atomic mass: Li + > Na + > K + > Rb + > Cs + . Ion transport, measured by phase front propagation experiments, is also fastest for Li + , contradicting the expectation that larger species would move more slowly.

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Polypyrrole actuators for tremor suppression

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Ion and solvent transport in polypyrrole: Experimental test of osmotic model

Ion and solvent transport in polypyrrole: Experimental test of osmotic model

Poly(3-methylthiophene) electrochemical actuators showing increased strain and work per cycle at higher operating stresses

Cycling conjugated polymers with different cations

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