Polysaccharides, as biological macromolecule-based scaffolding systems in heart valve tissue engineering: a review

Navigating the Immunological Crossroads: Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Architects of Inflammatory Harmony in Tissue-Engineered Constructs

“…Conversely, scaffolds produced from natural biomaterials possess superior biocompatibility [53]. On the negative side, natural biomaterials lack sufficient mechanical properties and durability [54]. Hybrid scaffolds, combining synthetic and natural polymers, represent a promising approach in tissue engineering due to their ability to synergistically harness the advantages of both material types.…”

Biological Macromolecule-Based Scaffolds for Urethra Reconstruction

“…The mechanical properties of the urethral grafts are pivotal for providing structural support and withstanding external forces. Insufficient mechanical properties may result in scaffold collapse and impact tissue remodeling [ 16 , 190 ]. Immunogenicity is also a concern with biological macromolecules.…”

“…Although biological macromolecules offer favorable biocompatibility, they may lack the intrinsic bioactivity necessary for stimulating a successful tissue repair following tissue injuries. Without appropriate bioactive cues, the scaffolds may not adequately promote cell attachment (particularly in case of polysaccharide-based scaffolds that lack cell recognition sites), proliferation, and differentiation, thereby limiting their effectiveness in UTE [ 15 , 16 , 191 ].…”

“…In the case of polysaccharides, one of the main challenges is the lack of cell adhesion moieties which can result in reduced tendency of cells towards these polymers [ 12 , 13 , 15 ]. Furthermore, they may not endure mechanical forces and undergo failure or collapse [ 16 ]. Despite these concerns, the biocompatibility, bioactivity, modifiable properties, and versatility of these biomaterials have made them attractive candidates for various tissue engineering applications [ 10 , 17 ].…”