Possible Avian Influenza (H5N1) from Migratory Bird, Egypt

Saad, Magdi D.; Ahmed, Lu’ay S.; Gamal-Eldein, Mohamed A.; Fouda, Mohamed K.; Khalil, Fouda M.; Yingst, Samuel L.; Parker, M. A.; Montevillel, Marshall R.

doi:10.3201/eid1307.061222

Cited by 99 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The first introduction of the virus into Egypt was thought to be by legal or illegal trade of live poultry or imported feed components. This scenario was neither confirmed nor excluded, but later on introduction via wild birds 29 was reported to be the most likely scenario (see below). Although, depopulation of the first cases was done according to the prepared contingency plan, the virus spread quickly, over a wide area within few weeks.…”

Section: H5n1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, attention has been paid to the possible role of wild birds in the introduction of different pathogens including IAV. 29,34,[74][75][76][77][78][79] While a considerable number of IAV subtypes have been isolated from wild birds in Egypt through several collaborative research projects ( 78 Interestingly, it was found that viruses originated from 4 different flyways rather than the 2 flyways in Egypt. 78 The most infected wild birds in Egypt were the northern shoveler, common teal and Egyptian goose ( 39 and from a common teal (Anas crecca) in October 2005.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Iav In Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…78 The most infected wild birds in Egypt were the northern shoveler, common teal and Egyptian goose ( 39 and from a common teal (Anas crecca) in October 2005. 29 The first and only report of isolation of H5N1 from wild birds was in December 2005 29 ; a few weeks before the epidemic in domestic poultry. 31 Out of 1304 sampled migratory birds, one swab from a common teal (Anas crecca) trapped in the Nile Delta was positive for HPAIV H5N1 …”

Section: Prevalence Of Iav In Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: Will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic?

Abdelwhab

Abdel‐Moneim

2015

Virulence

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Section: H5n1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Of Iav In Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Of Iav In Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: Will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic?

Abdelwhab

Abdel‐Moneim

2015

Virulence

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“…Large-scale surveillance programs have been implemented in several parts of the world to determine the role of wild birds in the spread of the H5N1 HPAI virus and to serve as a sentinel system for the introduction of the H5N1 HPAI virus into new geographical regions (4,14,21,30,36). Whereas the primary results of these surveillance programs have been communicated extensively (2,6,9,14,15,17,18,27,30,31,32), the practical considerations and technical implementation of large-scale influenza A virus surveillance techniques into various field and laboratory settings have received little attention. Here, the results of long-term avian influenza surveillance studies of wild birds were analyzed (24,26) to determine the effects of sample collection procedures, sample storage conditions, and screening methods for the detection of influenza A viruses in samples obtained from wild bird samples on test results and virus isolation rates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Considerations for High-Throughput Influenza A Virus Surveillance Studies of Wild Birds by Use of Molecular Diagnostic Tests

et al. 2009

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Influenza A virus surveillance studies of wild bird populations are essential to improving our understanding of the role of wild birds in the ecology of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses and their potential contribution to the spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Whereas the primary results of such surveillance programs have been communicated extensively, practical considerations and technical implementation options generally receive little attention. In the present study, the data obtained from 39,490 samples were used to compare the impacts of variables such as the sampling procedure, storage and transport conditions, and the choice of molecular and classical diagnostic tests on the outcome of the results. Molecular diagnostic tests allowed estimation of the virus load in samples, which has implications for the ability to isolate virus. Virus isolation in embryonated eggs was more sensitive than virus isolation in cell cultures. Storage and transport conditions had less of an impact on diagnostics by the use of molecular tests than by the use of classical approaches. These findings indicate that molecular diagnostic tests are more sensitive and more reliable than classical tests. In addition, molecular diagnostic tests facilitated analyses in real time and allowed the discrimination of H5 influenza viruses with low and high pathogenicities without the need for virus isolation. Critical assessment of the methods used in large surveillance studies like this will facilitate comparison of the results between studies. Moreover, the lessons learned from current large-scale influenza A virus surveillance activities could be valuable for other pathogen surveillance programs in the future.Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses constitute a continuous concern from public health, veterinary, and wildlife perspectives. Whereas aquatic wild birds serve as the main reservoir for low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, the emergence of HPAI viruses is primarily the result of largescale poultry husbandry (1,16,23,39). Outbreaks of HPAI predominantly occur in poultry and are restricted to influenza A viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes. The last decade has seen a marked increase in outbreaks of HPAI in poultry around the world. While most HPAI outbreaks have been controlled relatively quickly, the H5N1 HPAI virus has continuously been circulating in poultry since 1997 (7, 10). The H5N1 HPAI virus is also unusual in the unprecedented scale and geographical spread of the outbreak that it has caused; its transmission to a wide variety of mammalian species, including humans; and the introductions of H5N1 HPAI virus in wild birds (5,22,28,40). These recent introductions of H5N1 HPAI virus in wild birds and the subsequent spread of the virus throughout Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe have put a focus on the role of wild birds in the geographical spread of the H5N1 HPAI virus (29). Large-scale surveillance programs have been implemented in several parts of the world to determine the ...

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“…Wild Anatidae, with preexisting naturally acquired avian influenza virus-specific antibodies, may still excrete significant amount of virus asymptomatically (Kalthoff et al, 2008;Keawcharoen et al, 2008). In addition, healthy wild waterfowl have tested positive for highly pathogenic influenza viruses (Chen et al, 2006;Gaidet et al, 2008;Saad et al, 2007); an HPAI H5N2 infected white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata), for example, could be tracked by satellite en route from Nigeria to Chad (Gaidet et al, 2008). Furthermore, recent studies of satellite-tracked, apparently healthy waterfowl have linked Lake Qinghai (China) to H5N1 infected sites in Mongolia (Prosser et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cold European Winter of 2005–2006 Assisted the Spread and Persistence of H5N1 Influenza Virus in Wild Birds

et al. 2010

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In January 2006, a major cold spell affected Europe, coinciding with an increase of H5N1 influenza virus detected in wild birds, mostly dead mute swans, starting along the River Danube and the Mediterranean coast line. Subsequently H5N1 detections in wild birds were concentrated in central and western parts of Europe, reaching a peak in mid February. We tested the hypothesis that the geographic distribution of these H5N1 infections was modulated by the long-term wintering line, the 0°C isotherm marking the limit beyond which areas are largely unsuitable for wintering waterfowl. Given the particularly cold [2005][2006] European winter, we also considered the satellite-derived contemporary frost conditions. This brought us to select the long-term maximum rather than the mean January 0°C isotherm as the best approximation for the [2005][2006] wintering line. Our analysis shows that H5N1 detection sites were closer to the wintering line than would be expected by chance, even when the geographic distribution of water bird wintering sites was accounted for. We argue that partial frost conditions in water bodies are conducive to bird congregation, and this may have enhanced H5N1 transmission and local spread. Because the environmental virus load also would build up in these hot spots, H5N1 virus may have readily persisted during the spring, at least in cooler areas. We conclude that H5N1 introduction, spread, and persistence in Europe may have been enhanced by the cold 2005-2006 winter.

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Possible Avian Influenza (H5N1) from Migratory Bird, Egypt

Cited by 99 publications

References 9 publications

Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: Will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic?

Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: Will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic?

Practical Considerations for High-Throughput Influenza A Virus Surveillance Studies of Wild Birds by Use of Molecular Diagnostic Tests

The Cold European Winter of 2005–2006 Assisted the Spread and Persistence of H5N1 Influenza Virus in Wild Birds

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