Post‐Lithium‐Ion Battery Era: Recent Advances in Rechargeable Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium shortage and the growing demand for electricity storage has encouraged researchers to look for new alternative energy‐storage materials. Due to abundant potassium resources, similar redox potential to lithium metal, and low cost, potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), as one of the promising alternatives, have been applied in energy‐storage research recently. However, PIBs do not have adequate competition in their electrochemical efficiency because the molar volume of potassium ions is higher than those in lithium and sodium ions. Therefore, for better application and development of PIBs, finding suitable anode and cathode materials is currently the most important task. The latest developments in electrode materials for PIBs have been outlined in depth in this review. It focuses on the structural design and synthetic methods for novel electrode materials, ingenious optimization and tuning strategies, and explains the intrinsic reaction mechanism. The effects of organic electrolytes and aqueous electrolytes on battery systems are compared and clarified. Finally, theoretical and viable insights are given to the challenges posed by the creation and practical application of PIBs in the future.

Quinone Electrode for Long Lifespan Potassium-Ion Batteries Based on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

“…From mobile phones, computers, and electric vehicles to grid system, rechargeable secondary batteries have entered millions of households in today′s society. , Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the mainstay of energy storage systems, but the status quo of their resource constraints is completely unmasked. − It is therefore essential to explore novel alternative energy storage devices. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are strong contenders because potassium and lithium are elements in the same family I A on the periodic table, and the potassium content is more than 1200 times that of lithium in the earth′s crust. − Unfortunately, the radius of K + is 1.8 times higher than that of Li + , which is extremely unfavorable for conventional inorganic materials, causing a dramatic increase in the volume expansion of the material. Beyond that, the environmental damage inflicted and the high costs caused by difficult-to-degrade transition metal elements are intolerable. − …”

Emerging carbon-based flexible anodes for potassium-ion batteries: Progress and opportunities

“…As the mature and most widely used rechargeable battery, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained popular application in daily electronic products, electric vehicles, and energy-storage systems ( Li et al, 2018b ). However, the shortage of commercially available Li resources on Earth makes it difficult to meet the rapidly growing demand of the market, and the cost of lithium salt rapidly increases year by year, which greatly influences the development prospects of LIBs ( Wang et al, 2021a ; ( Yang et al, 2021b ). As a result, concerns about the price and depletion of lithium have accelerated the search for alternatives to LIBs in recent years ( Yao and Zhu, 2020 ).…”

A General Self-Sacrifice Template Strategy to 3D Heteroatom-Doped Macroporous Carbon for High-Performance Potassium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors

“…A diversity of materials, such as metal alloys [13,14], selenides [5], oxides [15,16], MXene [17,18], and carbon-based material [19] have been studied as battery-type anodes. Among them, carbon-based materials [10,[20][21][22][23] with the intercalation mechanism are considered as one of the most promising anode candidates for large-scale practical applications thanks to the attractive merits of low cost and high electrical conductivity. Therefore, various carbon-based materials, including graphene [24], hard carbon microspheres [25], soft carbon [26], hard-soft composite carbon [27], nanocrystalline graphite [28], and carbon nanofibers [29], have been extensively studied as anode of PIHCs.…”