Postpartum depression: we know the risks, can it be prevented?

Zinga, Dawn; Phillips, Shauna Dae; Born, L. Ingeborgh van den

doi:10.1590/s1516-44462005000600005

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…1 Lately, it has been recognized that gestation can be complicated by emotional problems such as depression, thus heavily impacting both mother and fetus. 15 The use of medication during pregnancy requires special attention due to the potential risks to the developing fetus. Pregnant women often need psychiatric treatment in face of emotional disorders caused by stress, anxiety and depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fluoxetine and imipramine in rat fetuses treated during a critical gestational period: a macro and microscopic study

Swerts

Costa

Esteves

et al. 2009

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate morphological alterations in rat fetuses treated with fluoxetine and imipramine during the "critical" period of gestation. METHOD: Fifteen female rats were separated into three groups (n = 5) and treated with 10 mg/kg/day of test substances on the ninth, tenth and eleventh day of pregnancy: G1, fluoxetine; G2, imipramine hydrochloride; G3 (control), saline. On day 21, cesarean sections were performed to release the fetuses, whose bodies were weighed and macroscopically analyzed. The placenta was also weighed. The fetuses were then fixed and their encephala removed and weighed. Sections of the frontal lobe were taken for histological neuron counting. RESULTS: G1 and G2 showed the highest fetal body weight. Placental weight showed statistical differences (p < 0.01): G1 weighed more than G2 and G3. Otherwise, G2 exhibited the highest encephalon weight, statistically differing from G3 (control) and fluoxetine-treated G1 (p < 0.01). However, G1 did not statistically (p > 0.01) differ from the control group. G3 showed the highest number of neurons per area when compared to G1 and G2 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The use of antidepressants in rats caused an increase in fetal weight and a decrease in the number of fetal frontal lobe neurons, thus suggesting that the use of antidepressants by pregnant women can induce depression in fetuses due to alterations in their neural development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fluoxetine and imipramine in rat fetuses treated during a critical gestational period: a macro and microscopic study

Swerts

Costa

Esteves

et al. 2009

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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“…Gotlib et al (42) also examined a group of 360 pregnant women during their pregnancy and after the childbirth and came to this conclusion that large number of childbirth did not have considerable effect on postpartum depression. On the contrary, in a study by Zinga et al, the possibility of occurrence of postpartum depression in nulliparous women was greater than that in pluriparous women which can be related to transition to motherhood stage and low level of self-confidence of nulliparous mothers in meeting the needs of the infant (43). Also in another study which was conducted in Kerman, Ghaffarinejad et al concluded that depression rate was greater among nulliparous mothers (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Evaluation of Effective Factors and its Prevalence on Postpartum Depression Among Women in the City of Qom, Iran

Abbas¹,

Zohreh²

2016

IJWHR

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IntroductionStudies have shown that women suffer from depression more than men (1). Among different types of depression, postpartum depression is worthy of significant attention because it not only affects mother's health, but also adversely affects growth and psychological evolution of the newborn (2,3). In many women, child birth is a stress-causing factor which is the stimulus for beginning of an acute depression or its recurrence (4). In fact, the period after the childbirth is the transitional period in which mother faces new roles, models, and relations that she has to adapt to (5). On the other hand, since the energy stored in a mother is lost during puerperium due to fatigue, drug effects, maternity duration, problems caused during the maternity process etc., the mother is subjected to emotional and psychological crises, including depression more than any other time (6). Based on criteria described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition), postpartum depression is defined as the depression which occurs at the fourth week after the childbirth. This disorder is specified by signs and symptoms including depressed mood, lack of sense of satisfaction from life, irritability, amnesia, repeated dizziness, physical symptoms, ambivalence, negative feeling about the infant, inability to take care of the child, suicide thoughts (7), decreased self-confidence (8), hopelessness and incompetency, sense of guilt, fear and worthlessness (9). According to the family systems theory, any factor that affects one member of a family and causes disorders in their performance within the family system, would inevitably also affect other members of the family, causing disorder in their behavior and performance (10). Prevalence of depression in husbands of the women suffering from this disorder is 5%-20% greater than others (11). Postpartum depression is one of the most important problems that threaten lives of mother, infant and their family (12). This disorder would result in decreased level of healthy relationship between mother and the infant (13), disorder in the growth of the infant (14,15), decreased level of mother health, permanent depression in the women, problems and conflicts in the marital relationships (16,17), increased obsessive-compulsive thought (18) and inability to carry out maternal and marital duties (19). Depressed mothers have lower sense of responsibility and responsiveness towards their infants and have complicated AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of factors affecting postpartum depression in women in the city of Qom, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was a survey research. The research population included all women who were within 4 weeks postpartum and referred to health centers in Qom. The sample consisted of 120 subjects who were selected by convenience sampling method. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression was the research tool. Once collected, the data were extracted and analyzed using SPSS software and t test. Result...

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“…However, it is not adequate to discontinue pharmacological treatment in more severe or recurrent cases. Pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy during pregnancy have also proven to be efficient in preventing postpartum depression (Zinga et al, 2005). An intervention study reported that the participation of women in multi-professional educational groups contributed to decreasing the rate of gestational affective disorders (Falcone et al, 2005).…”

Section: Diagnosis and Treatment Of Gestational Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression During Pregnancy: Review of Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects in Developed and Developing Countries

Pereira¹,

Lovisi²,

Lima³

et al. 2011

Psychiatric Disorders - Trends and Developments

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Postpartum depression: we know the risks, can it be prevented?

Cited by 30 publications

References 80 publications

Effects of fluoxetine and imipramine in rat fetuses treated during a critical gestational period: a macro and microscopic study

Effects of fluoxetine and imipramine in rat fetuses treated during a critical gestational period: a macro and microscopic study

Evaluation of Effective Factors and its Prevalence on Postpartum Depression Among Women in the City of Qom, Iran

Depression During Pregnancy: Review of Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects in Developed and Developing Countries

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