Potential Development of N-Doped Carbon Dots and Metal-Oxide Carbon Dot Composites for Chemical and Biosensing

Abstract

Among carbon-based nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) have received a surge of interest in recent years due to their attractive features such as tunable photoluminescence, cost effectiveness, nontoxic renewable resources, quick and direct reactions, chemical and superior water solubility, good cell-membrane permeability, and simple operation. CDs and their composites have a large potential for sensing contaminants present in physical systems such as water resources as well as biological systems. Tuning the properties of CDs is a very important subject. This review discusses in detail heteroatom doping (N-doped CDs, N-CDs) and the formation of metal-based CD nanocomposites using a combination of matrices, such as metals and metal oxides. The properties of N-CDs and metal-based CDs nanocomposites, their syntheses, and applications in both chemical sensing and biosensing are reviewed.

Metal Oxides Nanomaterials and Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Healthcare Applications

“…Owing to a wide operating potential window, strong surface chemistry, lower price, and chemical inertness, various carbon-derived nanocomposites of metal oxides with graphite, carbon paste (CP), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GR), carbon fibers (CFs), activate porous carbon, and carbon nanodots are usually utilized as the sensing materials for the sensitive detection of a variety of biomarkers [14,27,[76][77][78][79]. Recently, Wahab et al re-ported a peroxidase mimicking electrochemical glucose sensor based on nanoarchitectured iron oxide embedded in mesoporous carbon nanozymes [80].…”

“…These tiny Au clusters possess low-coordinate Au atoms in comparison to bulk Au poly-crystal surfaces and take higherenergy d states, which are easily reactive and absorb/activate oxygen moieties [23]. In recent years, more robust and practical catalysts of metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed on graphene and carbon nanotubes-based electrochemical sensor systems with comparative or even better catalytic performance than noble metals [13,[24][25][26][27][28][29]. Early transition metals supported on graphene as nanocomposites have fascinated great interest, which has a large volume of geometrical surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, and decent chemical solidity [13,28,29].…”

Rambutan seed waste-derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots with l-aspartic acid for the sensing of Congo red dye

“… 13 The few valence electrons of the N dopant encourage chelation with –COOH and –NH 2 groups present on the surface of CDs, which immediately interact with the functional ligands of the analyte via the typical interactions, and lower the HOMO–LUMO gap to improve the sensing performance of CDs. 14 N-Doped CDs (N-CDs) provide a simple and effective sensor for sensing specific molecules due to the NH 2 groups that can simplify and increase the interaction with the selective analyte. 2 Therefore, suitable control of the functional groups, structures, and compositions of CDs is required for developing their sensing applications.…”

Luminescence of carbon quantum dots and their application in biochemistry

“…These attributes position them as a promising contender across a spectrum of applications. Because CDs have luminescent properties similar to semiconductor quantum dots [ [16] , [17] , [18] ], resulting in their application across diverse domains, encompassing biomedicine [ 19 ], catalysis, optoelectronic devices and anti-counterfeiting [ 20 , 21 ].…”

“…N-doped CDs currently represent the most prevalent type of doped CDs. These doped CDs exhibit significant potential, effectively enhancing their own fluorescence quantum yield and inducing a red shift in the wavelength of fluorescence emission [ 19 ]. Lin et al [ 115 ] synthesized N-doped CDs with red, green, and blue fluorescent colors, suggesting the possibility of creating carbon quantum dots that emit various fluorescence colors through this approach.…”