Potential Ophthalmological Application of Extracts Obtained from Tuna Vitreous Humor Using Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Systems

Abstract

A green technique was developed to extract hyaluronic acid (HA) from tuna vitreous humor (TVH) for its potential application in managing dry eye disease. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were used to extract HA and were synthesized using natural compounds (lactic acid, fructose, and urea). The DES, the soluble fraction of TVH in DES (SF), and the precipitated extracts (PE) were evaluated for their potential use in dry eye disease treatment. In vitro experiments on human corneal epithelial cell lines and the effect on dry eye-associated microorganisms were performed. The influence of the samples on the HCE viability, their intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity, inflammatory response, and antimicrobial properties were studied. According to the results, all samples displayed an antioxidant effect, which was significantly higher for PE in comparison to SF. Most of the tested samples did not induce an inflammatory response in cells, which confirmed the safety in ophthalmic formulations. In addition, the DES and SF proved to be efficient against the studied bacterial strains, while PE did not show an antimicrobial effect. Hence, both DES and SF at defined concentrations could be used as potential compounds in dry eye disease management.

Lactic Acid-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents to Extract Bioactives from Marine By-Products

“…The analysis of the TVH composition showed that it was mainly composed of ash (62.26%), followed by proteins (14.31%) and lipids (8.06%). By comparing these results to previous studies, it can be concluded that the composition varied as the amounts were 50.78, 30.89, and 7.32% of ash, protein, and lipids, respectively [62,63]. Hence, this biomass material is also highly variant in composition depending on its source.…”

Cosmeceutical Potential of Extracts Derived from Fishery Industry Residues: Sardine Wastes and Codfish Frames

“…However, these residues still contain a significant amount of lipids, proteins, and minerals and should be adequately valorised. In recent years, extracts derived from waste generated by the fish industry have shown bioactive properties such as antihypertensive, antioxidative, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antihyperglycemic, anti-ageing, and anti-inflammatory [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Atlantic codfish ( Gadus morhua ) and sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) are among the most consumed fish in Portugal and extracts derived from its residues have shown promising nutraceutical potential, such as antioxidant, antiproliferative or anti-inflammatory activities [ 11 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”