Potential Sources and Transmission of Salmonella and Antimicrobial Resistance in Kampala, Uganda

Abstract

In sub‒Saharan Africa, non‒typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) cause invasive disease particularly in children and HIV infected adults, but the disease epidemiology is poorly understood. Between 2012 and 2013, we investigated NTS sources and transmission in Kampala. We detected Salmonella in 60% of the influent and 60% of the effluent samples from a wastewater treatment plant and 53.3% of the influent and 10% of the effluent samples from waste stabilization ponds that serve the human population; 40.9% of flush‒water samples from ruminant slaughterhouses, 6.6% of the poultry fecal samples from live bird markets and 4% of the fecal samples from swine at slaughter; and in 54.2% of the water samples from a channel that drains storm–water and effluents from the city. We obtained 775 Salmonella isolates, identified 32 serovars, and determined resistance to 15 antimicrobials. We genotyped common serovars using multiple‒locus variable number tandem repeats analysis or pulsed‒field gel electrophoresis. In addition, we analyzed 49 archived NTS isolates from asymptomatic livestock and human clinical cases. Salmonella from ruminant and swine sources were mostly pan‒susceptible (95%) while poultry isolates were generally more resistant. Salmonella Kentucky isolated from poultry exhibited extensive drug resistance characterized by resistance to 10 antimicrobials. Interestingly, similar genotypes of S. Kentucky but with less antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were found in poultry, human and environmental sources. The observed AMR patterns could be attributed to host or management factors associated with production. Alternatively, S. Kentucky may be prone to acquiring AMR. The factors driving AMR remain poorly understood and should be elucidated. Overall, shared genotypes and AMR phenotypes were found in NTS from human, livestock and environmental sources, suggesting zoonotic and environmental transmissions most likely occur. Information from this study could be used to control NTS transmission.

Serotyping and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Salmonella Isolated From Lettuce and Human Diarrhea Samples in Burkina Faso

“…As reported in Burkina Faso and in the others parts of the world, Salmonella from fresh vegetables (carrots, radish, lettuce and parsley) play important role in foodborne disease (Afema et al, 2016;Islam et al, 2004;Koffi-Nevry et al, 2012;Traoré et al, 2015). We speculate that lettuce as well as fresh vegetables consumption without food safety measurement is a high risk of foodborne disease such as Salmonella different serotypes isolated but further research is needed to explore more this hypothesis by using modern techniques.…”

Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review

“…Salmonella serovars are often isolated in asymptomatic cattle, sheep, pigs, and non‐domestic ruminants and suids (Afema et al, ; Cummings et al, ; Eguale et al, ; Love et al, ; Zishiri, Mkhize, & Mukaratirwa, ). The magnitude and duration of colonization and shedding of Salmonella in animals vary along the different stages of infection or carriage, and not all infected animals shed Salmonella in faeces continuously (Donoghue, Farnell, Cole, & Donoghue, ).…”

“…Campylobacter and Salmonella are recurrently isolated from soil, water bodies, animal houses and effluents (Afema et al, ; Lyimo et al, ; Mhongole, Mdegela, Kusiluka, Forslund, & Dalsgaard, ; O'Mahony, Buckley, Bolton, Whyte, & Fanning, ). Free‐range or extensive systems of animal husbandry mostly practiced in rural resource‐poor settings, poor slurry management on animal farms and in slaughterhouses result in environmental bacterial contamination (Figure ; Afema et al, ). Also, Campylobacter and Salmonella spp.…”

Prevalencia de Salmonella spp., en ganglios mesentéricos de porcinos en plantas de beneficio Colombianas

“…A study performed in Uganda reported S. Newport, S. Guildford, S. Coleypark, S. Damman as frequent pig serotypes (26), previously described in humans. Osman et al (27), evidenced S. Haifa in duck embryos, this serotype has also been isolated from bovine feces (28), and humans (26), suggesting adaptation to different animal species. Additionally, S. London an unusual serotype was also identified.…”