Potential Synergism between Novel Metal Complexes and Polymeric Brominated Flame Retardants in Polyamide 6.6

Holdsworth, Alistair F.; Horrocks, A. Richard; Kandola, Baljinder K.

doi:10.3390/polym12071543

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…UL 94 testing is also widely used in both industrial and academic research with an aim to categorize polymer materials hierarchically and meet industrial requirements [ 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 ]. Nevertheless, the information thus obtained is limited due to its basic and unfixed nature.…”

Section: Flammability Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Kim¹,

Lee

Yoon

2021

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.

show abstract

Section: Flammability Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Kim¹,

Lee

Yoon

2021

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Regarding the preparation of flame retardants, the conventional method is liquid-phase synthesis [ 31 , 32 ], in which organic solvents and complicated purification are always required. Moreover, the environmental toxicity and environmental accumulation of various flame retardants have become increasingly important [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Therefore, for high efficiency and environmental protection, a more efficient and greener approach toward the facile preparation of flame retardants is highly desirable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Ball Milling Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials: An Overview

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To meet the growing needs of public safety and sustainable development, it is highly desirable to develop flame-retardant polymer materials using a facile and low-cost method. Although conventional solution chemical synthesis has proven to be an efficient way of developing flame retardants, it often requires organic solvents and a complicated separation process. In this review, we summarize the progress made in utilizing simple ball milling (an important type of mechanochemical approach) to fabricate flame retardants and flame-retardant polymer composites. To elaborate, we first present a basic introduction to ball milling, and its crushing, exfoliating, modifying, and reacting actions, as used in the development of high-performance flame retardants. Then, we report the mixing action of ball milling, as used in the preparation of flame-retardant polymer composites, especially in the formation of multifunctional segregated structures. Hopefully, this review will provide a reference for the study of developing flame-retardant polymer materials in a facile and feasible way.

show abstract

“…For example, European Union regulations have banned polybrominated biphenyls, pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ether. In this case, new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and polymer brominated flame retardants (PBFRs) [ 5 , 6 ] began to be produced and used in large quantities as their substitutes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation Kinetics and Solvent Effect of New Brominated Flame Retardants (NBFRS) in Liquid Medium

Jin

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The photolysis of four typical NBFRs, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzyl acrylateare (PBBA) and pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), were explored under different irradiation light wavelengths, initial concentrations and organic solvents. Density functional theory was used for chemical calculation to explore the internal mechanism of solvent effect. All degradation kinetics conformed to the first-order kinetic model. Under different irradiation light wavelengths, the degradation rates were in the following order: 180~400 nm (0.1702~0.3008 min−1) > 334~365 nm (0.0265~0.0433 min−1) > 400~700 nm (0.0058~0.0099 min−1). When the initial concentration varied from 0.25 mg/L to 1 mg/L, the degradation rate decreased from 0.0379~0.0784 min−1 to 0.0265~0.0433 min−1 under 334~365 nm irradiation, which might be attributed to the reduction in light energy received per unit area and competition from intermediate metabolites. In different organic solvents, the degradation rates were in the order of acetone (0.1702~0.3008 min−1) > toluene (0.0408~0.0534 min−1) > n-hexane (0.0124~0.0299 min−1). Quantum chemical calculation and analysis showed that the energy change in electron transfer between solvent and NBFRs was the key factor to solvent effect in the degradation of NBFRs. The active sites and degradation pathways of NBFRs were also speculated, the nucleophilic reaction of the Br atom on a benzene ring was the main process of photodegradation and it was preferential to remove the bromine and then the ethyl group on the benzene ring. Our research will be helpful in predicting and evaluating their photochemical behavior in different environment conditions.

show abstract

Potential Synergism between Novel Metal Complexes and Polymeric Brominated Flame Retardants in Polyamide 6.6

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Facile Ball Milling Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials: An Overview

Photodegradation Kinetics and Solvent Effect of New Brominated Flame Retardants (NBFRS) in Liquid Medium

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About