Potential therapeutic agents to COVID-19: An update review on antiviral therapy, immunotherapy, and cell therapy

Mirtaleb, Mona Sadat; Mirtaleb, Amir Hossein; Nosrati, Hassan; Heshmatnia, Jalal; Falak, Reza; Emameh, Reza Zolfaghari

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111518

Cited by 58 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 179 publications

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“…4 The current antivirus agents being used, including hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, lopinavir/ritonavir, have not shown any conclusive benefits. 5 New possible treatments that are safe, affordable, and worldwide available targeting the SARS-CoV -2 are therefore urgently required. 6 SARS-CoV-2 proteases, like 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, spike (S) protein and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) are considered possible targets for developing effective anti-COVID-19 drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Therapeutic Effects of Adjuvant Quercetin Supplementation Against Early-Stage COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, and Open-Label Study

Pierro¹,

Derosa²,

Maffioli³

et al. 2021

IJGM

136

104

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Background: Quercetin, a well-known naturally occurring polyphenol, has recently been shown by molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo studies to be a possible anti-COVID-19 candidate. Quercetin has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiviral properties, and it is characterized by a very high safety profile, exerted in animals and in humans. Like most other polyphenols, quercetin shows a very low rate of oral absorption and its clinical use is considered by most of modest utility. Quercetin in a delivery-food grade system with sunflower phospholipids (Quercetin Phytosome ® , QP) increases its oral absorption up to 20-fold. Methods: In the present prospective, randomized, controlled, and open-label study, a daily dose of 1000 mg of QP was investigated for 30 days in 152 COVID-19 outpatients to disclose its adjuvant effect in treating the early symptoms and in preventing the severe outcomes of the disease. Results:The results revealed a reduction in frequency and length of hospitalization, in need of non-invasive oxygen therapy, in progression to intensive care units and in number of deaths. The results also confirmed the very high safety profile of quercetin and suggested possible anti-fatigue and pro-appetite properties. Conclusion: QP is a safe agent and in combination with standard care, when used in early stage of viral infection, could aid in improving the early symptoms and help in preventing the severity of COVID-19 disease. It is suggested that a double-blind, placebo-controlled study should be urgently carried out to confirm the results of our study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Therapeutic Effects of Adjuvant Quercetin Supplementation Against Early-Stage COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, and Open-Label Study

Pierro¹,

Derosa²,

Maffioli³

et al. 2021

IJGM

136

104

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“…Em geral, o conceito de tempestade de citocinas é antigo, abrangente e envolve vários distúrbios que evidenciam a desregulação do sistema imunológico, caracterizada por inflamação sistêmica que, quando não controlada, pode levar à insuficiência de múltiplos órgãos (Mirtaleb et al, 2021;Soy et al, 2020). Os pacientes podem apresentar febre, cefaleia, fadiga, mialgia, artralgia, anorexia, diarreia, perda do olfato e paladar.…”

Section: Fonte: Autoresunclassified

“…Assim, diante desse fato, uma atenção urgente foi direcionada para pôr em prática protocolos que minimizem a disseminação do SARS-CoV-2 e fornecer tratamento com agentes anti-inflamatórios com eficácia no controle de várias citocinas da síndrome de tempestade de citocinas. O alvo dessas drogas é geralmente a IL-1, IL-6, IL-18 e IFN-γ (Mirtaleb et al, 2021). Entretanto, embora não haja um medicamento definitivo para o tratamento da tempestade de citocinas em pacientes com COVID-19, a administração de agentes anti-inflamatórios requer mais investigação.…”

Section: Fonte: Autoresunclassified

COVID-19: Compreendendo a “tempestade de citocinas”

Napoleão

Santiago

Moreira

et al. 2021

RSD

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O SARS-CoV-2 espalhou-se rapidamente pela China e logo recebeu atenção mundial, levando a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) a declarar, em 30 de janeiro de 2020, a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 como emergência de saúde pública de interesse internacional. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura que objetiva atualizar e ampliar as informações disponíveis acerca do SARS-CoV-2, abrangendo a resposta imune contra ele e a consequente formação da tempestade de citocinas. Em alguns indivíduos, a resposta exacerbada do sistema imunológico provoca a hiperestimulação de suas células de defesa, causando uma hiperinflamação em decorrência da tempestade de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF-α, IL-1-β, IL-6, IL-12 e quimiocinas). Essa hiperinflamação caracteriza a fisiopatologia da COVID-19 grave que provoca alterações patológicas principalmente nos pulmões, sendo um fator preditor de gravidade da doença devido à forte associação com a falência de múltiplos órgãos, podendo levar à morte. A dosagem dos níveis séricos de IL-6 e IL-10 foram considerados preditores da gravidade da doença e pode ser usada para o diagnóstico de pacientes com maior risco de agravamento da doença. Conclui-se que elevações dos níveis séricos de citocinas pró-inflamatórias geralmente estão presentes na COVID-19 grave. Porém, mais estudos são necessários para estabelecer diferenças entre os pacientes com COVID-19 que desenvolvem reação inflamatória protetora e equilibrada daqueles que desenvolvem reação inflamatória exagerada, com consequente tempestade patológica de citocinas.

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“…As a result, more than

million people have lost their lives to or with Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) by March 2021. COVID-19 symptoms range from pneumonia to severe lung, heart, liver, kidney, neurological or gastrointestinal dysfunction [ 2 ]. While great efforts have been employed to provide effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines [ 3 , 4 ], their success is overshadowed by the emergence of viral escape mutants and the shortcomings in developing targeted antiviral treatments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structural proteins E and M facilitate viral transport, assembly, budding, and release of SARS-CoV-2 virions from infected host cells [ 1 , 4 ]. While N is expressed within the host cytoplasm, the other structural proteins S, E, and M are translated within the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) of the host cell [ 2 , 4 ]. SARS-CoV-2 N supports replicating the viral genome in the cytoplasm and encloses novel viral RNA to form viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Infection with SARS-CoV-2 Mutants Confirms Guanylate Kinase as Robust Potential Antiviral Target

Renz

Widerspick

Dräger

2021

Genes

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The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still threatening humankind. Despite first successes in vaccine development and approval, no antiviral treatment is available for COVID-19 patients. The success is further tarnished by the emergence and spreading of mutation variants of SARS-CoV-2, for which some vaccines have lower efficacy. This highlights the urgent need for antiviral therapies even more. This article describes how the genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) of the host-virus interaction of human alveolar macrophages and SARS-CoV-2 was refined by incorporating the latest information about the virus’s structural proteins and the mutant variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.28, B.1.427/B.1.429, and B.1.617. We confirmed the initially identified guanylate kinase as a potential antiviral target with this refined model and identified further potential targets from the purine and pyrimidine metabolism. The model was further extended by incorporating the virus’ lipid requirements. This opened new perspectives for potential antiviral targets in the altered lipid metabolism. Especially the phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis seems to play a pivotal role in viral replication. The guanylate kinase is even a robust target in all investigated mutation variants currently spreading worldwide. These new insights can guide laboratory experiments for the validation of identified potential antiviral targets. Only the combination of vaccines and antiviral therapies will effectively defeat this ongoing pandemic.

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Potential therapeutic agents to COVID-19: An update review on antiviral therapy, immunotherapy, and cell therapy

Cited by 58 publications

References 179 publications

Possible Therapeutic Effects of Adjuvant Quercetin Supplementation Against Early-Stage COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, and Open-Label Study

Possible Therapeutic Effects of Adjuvant Quercetin Supplementation Against Early-Stage COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, and Open-Label Study

COVID-19: Compreendendo a “tempestade de citocinas”

Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Infection with SARS-CoV-2 Mutants Confirms Guanylate Kinase as Robust Potential Antiviral Target

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