Potential weekly intake of artificial food colours by 3–14‐year‐old children in Brazil

Abstract

The Potential Weekly Intake (PWI) of artificial food colours by 3-14-year-old children living in the District of Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, was estimated on the basis of average consumption data of artificially coloured food and analytically determined colour concentration in foodstuffs ingested. Coloured food consumption data were obtained through dietary recall interviews and collection of the packages and/or labels of the coloured foods consumed during a two-week period. Colours found in the individual types of foods detected through the consumption survey were identified and determined by methods that included wool dyeing and polyamide column extractions, ascending paper chromatography and spectrophotometry. The results showed that all artificial colours used in the composition of 83 commercial food products, including jellies, juices, soft drinks, syrups and 57 different candies, were permitted for use in food in Brazil the year the survey was conducted (1986), in amounts below those prescribed by law. Statistical analysis performed to compare the PWI for different population groups demonstrated that young male children, especially from lower social classes, were most exposed to artificial colours. Comparison of the estimated potential intakes with the toxicologically Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) showed that consumption of Amaranth, Sunset Yellow, Indigotine and Tartrazine by all children in the study represented approximately 24%, 3%, 0.05% and 0.4%, of the actual ADI values, respectively.

Usage pattern and exposure assessment of food colours in different age groups of consumers in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India

“…The possibility that the higher levels reported are not because of the methodology adopted has been verified by HPLC data as well. Tartrazine and SSYFCF were found to be the two most frequently used colours in the present study, as was reported earlier in India (Khanna et al 1985(Khanna et al , 1986Dixit et al 1995) and in some studies in other countries (Johnson and Litchtenberger 1984;Toledo et al 1992). The use of non-permitted colours in food preparations has not been noticed in the developed countries in the recent past, some exception being the reports showing the presence of Para Red, Orange II and Sudan dyes in imported food products (FSA 2005(FSA , 2006.…”

“…Tartrazine and SSYFCF were found to saturate 0.5% and 2% of their respective ADI in Brazilian children (Toledo et al 1992), while the estimates for Americans were 3% and 8% (Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) 1986) and for Italians 4% and 12% of the permissible ADI (Quattrucci and Saletti 1983). The intake of Ponceau 4R, Carmoisine and Amaranth combined was found to touch 0.2% of the ADI for Swiss children (Hunziker and Zimmerli 1984), while Carmoisine reached the ADI to an extent of 13-26% in the Italian population (Quattrucci and Saletti 1983).…”

Colour additive levels in foodstuffs commonly consumed by children in Kuwait

“…Similar studies were conducted elsewhere. In Brazil, Toledo, Guerchon, and Ragazzi (1992) have reported intakes of artificial colours among 3-to 14-yearold children of 0.5% and 2% of the ADIs for tartrazine and sunset yellow, respectively, whereas Americans were reported to be exposed to 3%, 8% and 8% of the ADIs for tartrazine, sunset yellow and allura red, respectively (IFT, 1986); and 1-to 5-year-old Indian children were reportedly exposed to 5.1%, 14.4% and 6.8% of the ADIs for tartrazine, sunset yellow, and carmoisine, respectively, but 6-to 8-year-old Indian children were reportedly exposed to 6.4%, 9.6% and 3.0% of the ADIs for tartrazine, sunset yellow and carmoisine, respectively (Rao, Bhat, Sudershan, Krishna, & Naidu, 2004).…”

An Assessment of the Intake of Synthetic Food Colors by 10-15-Year-Old Children

“…Uzyskane wyniki korespondują z badaniami przeprowadzonymi wśród 90 dzieci w wieku 3-14 lat z województwa radomskiego, gdzie maksymalna konsumpcja omawianych barwników (brak danych dotyczących barwnika E129) z całodzien-nym pożywieniem nie przekraczała 16% ADI [19]. Mniejsze niż w badaniach własnych (1,4% ADI) średnie spożycie tartrazyny (E102) (0,4% ADI) zanotowano w brazylijskich badaniach przeprowadzonych wśród dzieci w wieku 3-14 lat na podstawie wywiadu żywieniowego [20]. Tabela 6.…”

“…Porównując wyniki oszacowania spożywania barwników w badaniach własnych oraz innych autorów [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], należy pamiętać o tym, że istnieje wiele czynników mających wpływ na uzyskane dane. Przede wszystkim w celu oszacowania przyjmowania tych substancji zastosowano różne metody zbierania danych o spożywaniu produktów bę-dących głównym źródłem barwników.…”