Powassan/Deer Tick Virus and<i>Borrelia Burgdorferi</i>Infection in Wisconsin Tick Populations

Knox, Konstance K.; Thomm, Angela; Harrington, Yvette A.; Ketter, Ellen; Patitucci, Jacob M.; Carrigan, Donald R.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2016.2082

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…From both an epidemiological and a public health perspective, the possibility of any tick becoming a vector species for an emerging zoonotic arthropod‐borne disease should not be overlooked. Furthermore, evidence suggests that concurrent transmission of POWV/DTV and B. burgdorferi from coinfected I. scapularis ticks is a likely occurrence in humans (Knox et al., ). Consequently, we recommend that health authorities consider surveillance, testing and monitoring strategies for POWV to track focal points of infection, and the potential spread of this pathogen to deer and to humans by I. scapularis and other common tick species in areas where this pathogen and its arthropod vector are prominent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of Powassan/deer tick virus in adult black‐legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) recovered from hunter‐harvested white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania: A public health perspective

Campagnolo

Tewari

Farone

et al. 2018

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Studies reporting tick infection rates for Powassan virus (POWV), an emerging zoonotic arthropod-borne pathogen responsible for POWV disease in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, are limited. To determine the presence and ascertain a statewide prevalence of POWV, ticks were collected from 9,912 hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) heads presented to six regional Pennsylvania Game Commission Chronic Wasting Disease sampling stations in early December of 2013, 2014 and 2015. Of the 2,973 ticks recovered, 1,990 (66.9%) were identified as adult Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick). The 1,990 I. scapularis ticks were PCR-tested for the presence of POWV. The ticks had a statewide Powassan/deer tick virus infection rate of 0.05%, providing evidence of this pathogen in Pennsylvania's adult I. scapularis ticks and supporting the need for more comprehensive pathogen prevalence assessment strategies, as well as increased public health awareness for this emerging zoonotic arthropod-borne pathogen of public health concern.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first type, referred to as lineage 1 POWV, appears to be associated with I. cookei or I. marxi ticks (CDC, ; Dupois et al., ). The another type, lineage 2 POWV, is associated with the black‐legged tick I. scapularis and is commonly referred to as the Powassan/deer tick virus (POWV/DTV) (CDC, ; Dupois et al., ; Knox et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Powassan/deer tick virus in adult black‐legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) recovered from hunter‐harvested white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania: A public health perspective

Campagnolo

Tewari

Farone

et al. 2018

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…While POWV-induced disease can occur in all age groups, epidemiological studies suggest a greater risk in the elderly (> 60 years of age) 224 , which is similar to other encephalitic flaviviruses including WNV 228 . POWV is emerging, as increasing numbers of cases have been diagnosed over the past decade 229 and up to 3-5% of I. scapularis ticks isolated in certain parts of the United States now test positive for POWV 230,231 . Moreover, seroprevalence rates of POWV infection in other mammals (for example, white-tailed deer) are rising and may be associated with the expanded range of I. scapularis in the United States 232 .…”

Section: Ilheus Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Pierson

Diamond²

2020

Nat Microbiol

737

627

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F laviviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses vectored principally by arthropods that cause severe illnesses in humans. The extensive global spread and epidemic transmission of flaviviruses during the last seven decades has been remarkable. The mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV) infect an estimated 400 million humans each year; more than a quarter of the world's population lives in areas where DENV is now endemic 1 . By comparison, only sporadic DENV epidemics were documented before the Second World War 2 . The introductions of West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses into the Western Hemisphere was followed by rapid geographical spread, large numbers of human infections and considerable morbidity 3,4 . Ongoing yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission and its encroachment on urban environments, despite the existence of an effective vaccine, poses a serious public health challenge 5-7 . Other flaviviruses present ongoing health risks or are beginning to emerge in different parts of the world, including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Usutu virus (USUV).The epidemic potential of flaviviruses reflects many factors related to the unique characteristics of their insect vectors, the consequences of poorly planned urbanization that creates ideal arthropod breeding habitats, the geographical expansion of vectors, changing environmental conditions and extensive global travel 8,9 . Beyond arthropods and humans, flaviviruses are also known to infect a wide array of animal species and can be important veterinary pathogens that threaten economically important domesticated animals 10-14 . These vertebrate animal hosts may constitute important stable reservoirs and contribute to defining conditions that support the introduction of new viral species and transmission among humans 15 . The continued threat of flavivirus emergence and re-emergence highlights a need for a detailed fundamental understanding of the biology of these viruses, the immune responses that can contain them and the possible countermeasures that can blunt their impact on public health should new outbreaks occur. Flavivirus structure and replicationFlaviviruses are small (~50 nm) spherical virus particles that incorporate a single genomic RNA of positive-sense polarity encoding three structural and seven non-structural proteins (Fig. 1a). Our knowledge of the biology of flaviviruses has advanced considerably with the availability of high-resolution structures of viral structural proteins and of virions at different stages of the replication cycle or in complex with antibodies or host factors 16 . Crystal structures of the enzymatic non-structural proteins also have been solved, accelerating advances in an understanding of virus replication and pathogenesis [17][18][19] and enabling structure-guided drug discovery, as reviewed elsewhere 20 .Virion structure and morphogenesis. Flaviviruses are assembled using three viral structural proteins (C, prM and E), a host lipid envelope and the viral genomic RNA. The structure of ...

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“…One study from New York state estimated the DTV infection rate within an adult I. scapularis ticks population and found the burden to be 2.30 per 100 ticks (95% CI 1.69–3.05) (Dupuis et al., ). Three studies conducted on I. scapularis in New York, Connecticut and Wisconsin identified coinfection with POWV (likely DTV) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Aliota et al., ; Knox et al., ; Tokarz et al., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be further complicated by the possibility of coinfections, particularly with other pathogens transmitted by I. scapularis such as B. burgdorferi . Coinfection of POWV (likely DTV) and B. burgdorferi has been recently reported in I. scapularis in New York, Connecticut and Wisconsin, and it has been hypothesized that coinfection may explain some of the spectrum of Lyme disease in humans (Aliota et al., ; Knox et al., ; Tokarz et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%