Power and energy capacity requirements of storages providing frequency control reserves

Borsche, Theodor; Ulbig, Andreas; Koller, Michael; Andersson, Göran

doi:10.1109/pesmg.2013.6672843

Cited by 84 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In fact, especially for compensation of short-term (milliseconds to a few seconds) fluctuations often tendered as Primary Control Reserve (PCR), BESS have been shown to be technically mature and potentially economically superior to conventional power plant dispatch adaption [129,130]. A detailed analysis of regulatory constraints (forcing e.g., minimum energy content of storage for continued power provision) [131], market profit scheme [127] as well as storage system operation strategy [132,133] is a prerequisite for profitable BESS operation in this application. An exemplary use case for frequency regulation is shown in a subsequent Section (cf.…”

Section: Application Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

et al. 2017

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Battery energy storage systems have gained increasing interest for serving grid support in various application tasks. In particular, systems based on lithium-ion batteries have evolved rapidly with a wide range of cell technologies and system architectures available on the market. On the application side, different tasks for storage deployment demand distinct properties of the storage system. This review aims to serve as a guideline for best choice of battery technology, system design and operation for lithium-ion based storage systems to match a specific system application. Starting with an overview to lithium-ion battery technologies and their characteristics with respect to performance and aging, the storage system design is analyzed in detail based on an evaluation of real-world projects. Typical storage system applications are grouped and classified with respect to the challenges posed to the battery system. Publicly available modeling tools for technical and economic analysis are presented. A brief analysis of optimization approaches aims to point out challenges and potential solution techniques for system sizing, positioning and dispatch operation. For all areas reviewed herein, expected improvements and possible future developments are highlighted. In order to extract the full potential of stationary battery storage systems and to enable increased profitability of systems, future research should aim to a holistic system level approach combining not only performance tuning on a battery cell level and careful analysis of the application requirements, but also consider a proper selection of storage sub-components as well as an optimized system operation strategy.

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Section: Application Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

et al. 2017

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“…In particular, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been proposed [19][20][21][22][23][24], different sizes and battery technologies have been discussed and their corresponding suitability demonstrated. BESSs are able to react practically instantaneously, and, based on their flexibility in capacity and location, last longer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

et al. 2017

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Due to the promoted integration of renewable sources, a further growth of strongly transient, distributed generation is expected. Thus, the existing electrical grid may reach its physical limits. To counteract this, and to fully exploit the viable potential of renewables, grid-balancing measures are crucial. In this work, battery storage systems are embedded in a grid simulation to evaluate their potential for grid balancing. The overall setup is based on a real, low-voltage distribution grid topology, real smart meter household load profiles, and real photovoltaics load data. An autonomous optimization routine, driven by a one-way communicated incentive, determines the prospective battery operation mode. Different battery positions and incentives are compared to evaluate their impact. The configurations incorporate a baseline simulation without storage, a single, central battery storage or multiple, distributed battery storages which together have the same power and capacity. The incentives address either market conditions, grid balancing, optimal photovoltaic utilization, load shifting, or self-consumption. Simulations show that grid-balancing incentives result in lowest peak-to-average power ratios, while maintaining negligible voltage changes in comparison to a reference case. Incentives reflecting market conditions for electricity generation, such as real-time pricing, negatively influence the power quality, especially with respect to the peak-to-average power ratio. A central, feed-in-tied storage performs better in terms of minimizing the voltage drop/rise and shows lower distribution losses, while distributed storages attached at nodes with electricity generation by photovoltaics achieve lower peak-to-average power ratios.

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“…The "smart grid" paradigm envisages a massive presence of non-programmable renewable energy sources: in this context, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are liable to play a key role at both distribution and transmission level, given their potential ability to fulfill roles such as load shifting, peak shaving, frequency and also voltage control [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Moreover, BESSs have also been proposed in integration to electric power systems supplying traction and mobility systems, with the aim to maximize the energy efficiency [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a LiFePO4 Battery Energy Storage System to Primary Frequency Control: Simulations and Experimental Results

et al. 2016

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This paper presents an experimental application of LiFePO 4 battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to primary frequency control, currently being performed by Terna, the Italian transmission system operator (TSO). BESS performance in the primary frequency control role was evaluated by means of a simplified electrical-thermal circuit model, taking into account also the BESS auxiliary consumptions, coupled with a cycle-life model, in order to assess the expected life of the BESS. Numerical simulations have been carried out considering the system response to real frequency measurements taken in Italy, spanning a whole year; a parametric study taking into account different values of governor droop and of BESS charge/discharge rates (C-rates) was also performed. Simulations, fully validated by experimental results obtained thus far, evidenced a severe trade-off between expected lifetime and overall efficiency, which significantly restricts the choice of operating parameters for frequency control.

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Power and energy capacity requirements of storages providing frequency control reserves

Cited by 84 publications

References 5 publications

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

Application of a LiFePO4 Battery Energy Storage System to Primary Frequency Control: Simulations and Experimental Results

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