Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?<sup>*</sup>

Beaman, Lori; Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra; Duflo, Esther; Pande, Rohini; Topalova, Petia

doi:10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1497

Cited by 858 publications

(347 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

325

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, legislative interventions have been shown to induce durable changes in some aspects of gender bias in India. 39 Public health interventions should be considered especially in countries with high HIV prevalence rates. For example, in rural South Africa, a cluster-randomized trial of a microfinance intervention combined with participatory training on HIV prevention, gender norms, domestic violence, and sexuality reduced intimate partner violence 40 as well as risky sexual behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives We sought to identify correlates of forced sex perpetration among men and victimization among women in Botswana and Swaziland. Methods We surveyed a 2-stage probability sample of 2074 adults from the 5 districts of Botswana with the highest HIV prevalence rates and all 4 regions of Swaziland. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of forced sex victimization and perpetration. Results Lifetime prevalence rates of forced sex victimization of women were 10.3% in Botswana and 11.4% in Swaziland; among men, rates of perpetration were 3.9% in Botswana and 5.0% in Swaziland. Lifetime history of forced sex victimization was the strongest predictor of forced sex perpetration by men in both Botswana (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 13.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.55, 41.5) and Swaziland (adjusted OR = 5.98; 95% CI = 1.08, 33.1). Problem or heavy drinking was the strongest predictor of forced sex victimization of women in Botswana (adjusted OR = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.19, 5.49) and Swaziland (OR = 14.7; 95% CI = 4.53, 47.6). Conclusions Sexual violence in Botswana and Swaziland is a major public health and human rights problem. Ending codified gender discrimination can contribute to fundamentally changing gender norms and may be an important lever for gender-based violence prevention in these countries.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Supporting Evidencementioning

confidence: 94%

“…Although public goods provision increased in India and female leaders performed well in Lesotho, citizens in both India and Lesotho were less likely to be satisfied with female leaders compared to male leaders [1] [12] [3] [10] [11]. The satisfaction gap in India improved after subsequent elections, highlighting the importance of sustained exposure to female leaders [12] [13].…”

Section: Supporting Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration of quotas seems to matter. In communities in the Indian state of West Bengal that had quotas for two election cycles, voters were more likely to elect women in the third, non-quota election cycle than in communities that never had quotas [12].Whether quotas have a meaningful impact in increasing women's representation may depend on the design of the quota system. Some findings from non-randomized studies of gender quota policies for political party candidates in Spain and France show mixed results.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In India, men in communities with gender quotas were more likely to associate women with leadership and more likely to consider female leaders to be effective. These impacts were stronger after two election cycles and lasted even after women left office [12]. In Afghanistan, when quotas were applied in a short-term development program, there were no broader changes in attitudes toward the general role of women in society, possibly because the quotas were applied in a narrowly defined program.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Improving women’s representation in politics through gender quotas

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gender quotas for women in local government bodies can improve women's representation in politics, increase provision of public services, and improve perceptions of women as leaders.Posters for female political candidates in India. Photo: AjayTvm | Shutterstock.com Summary:Gender quotas are one policy tool designed to increase women's representation in politics. Women hold fewer than 25 percent of parliamentary seats worldwide, and just 12 percent of the world's heads of state and government are women. In many countries this imbalance extends to local governments.Countries are taking action: In 2013, 118 countries were implementing a form of gender quotas for an elected office.One way to implement gender quotas is by reserving a certain number of leadership positions for women. A review of eleven randomized evaluations in Afghanistan, Lesotho, and across 24 states in India found that reservation quotas influenced women's political participation and policy outcomes and increased the provision of public goods aligned with female voters' preferences. Further, quotas improved men's perceptions of women as leaders, increased the aspirations of girls, and helped women get elected even after quotas were removed. Most of the rigorous research drawn on in this insight comes from India; comparative conclusions should be drawn cautiously.This evidence largely suggests that governments seeking to improve women's representation in politics should consider reservation quotas for local leadership positions. Supporting Evidence:Women leaders invested more in policies and programs women care about. Quotas are important because women may have different preferences about public goods than men.Communities in India with gender quotas for local village leaders had more public goods overall than communities without quotas, and female leaders invested more than male leaders in public goods linked to women's concerns Elected women made independent choices. One risk of gender quotas is that reserving political seats for women may not effect genuine change. For example, husbands of elected female leaders may maintain power by controlling the actions of their wives. In India, women elected under quotas were more likely than their male counterparts to state that their spouses encouraged them to stand for election and helped them do their jobs [3]. However, differences in public goods provision and policy preferences between female and male leaders demonstrate that women were able to make their own governing decisions [3].In some cases, having a female leader meant women participated more in community governance. In Afghanistan, gender quotas in village development councils led to increased women's participation in village governance, community life, and economic activities [4]. In Indian communities with quotas, women were more likely to speak in community meetings [3] [10].In Lesotho, although women in quota communities reported being less interested in politics than women in non-quota communities, they had similar levels of participation ...

show abstract

Trends in the Proportion of Female Speakers at Medical Conferences in the United States and in Canada, 2007 to 2017

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Key Points Question What were the proportions of female speakers at academic medical conferences held in the United States and in Canada during the last decade? Findings In this cross-sectional analysis of 181 medical conferences in 2007 and from 2013 through 2017, the proportions of female speakers significantly increased from 24.6% to 34.1%. These proportions were similar to the percentages of practicing physicians who were women during the same time frame. Meaning Although the proportion of female speakers has increased during the last decade, women are underrepresented at medical conferences.

show abstract

Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?^*

Abstract: We exploit random assignment of

Cited by 858 publications

References 8 publications

Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland

Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland

Improving women’s representation in politics through gender quotas

Trends in the Proportion of Female Speakers at Medical Conferences in the United States and in Canada, 2007 to 2017

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?*

Abstract: We exploit random assignment of

Cited by 858 publications

References 8 publications

Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland

Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland

Improving women’s representation in politics through gender quotas

Trends in the Proportion of Female Speakers at Medical Conferences in the United States and in Canada, 2007 to 2017

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?^*