Untitled

Abstract

The first electrocardiogram (ECG) from the intact human heart was recorded with a mercury capillary electrometer by Augustus Waller in May 1887 at St. Mary's Hospital, London. The tracings were poor and exhibited only 2 distorted deflections. Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) who was professor of physiology at the University of Leiden, The Netherlands, began his studies of the ECG with the mercury capillary electrometer, and improved its distortion mathematically so that he was finally able to register a good representation of the ECG before the beginning of the twentieth century. He later further improved ECG recordings with the introduction of a string galvanometer of his design. Einthoven published his first article about the string galvanometer in 1901, followed by a more detailed description in 1903 which included a report of ECGs taken with the new instrument. The year 2002 marks the centennial of Willem Einthoven's first recording of the ECG in a clinically applicable fashion with the string galvanometer. The clinical use of Einthoven's immobile equipment required transtelephonic transmission of the ECG from the physiology laboratory to the clinic at the Academic Hospital about a mile away as documented in the 1906 paper on the "télécardiogramme". This report contained a wealth of ECG patterns and arrhythmias. Einthoven developed a system of electrocardiographic standardization that continues to be used all over the world and introduced the triaxial bipolar system with 3 limb leads and thus established uniformity of the recording process. Einthoven also conceived the famous equilateral triangle with leads I, II, and III at its sides and the calculation of the electrical axis (in the frontal plane) depicted as a single vector with an arrow at the center of the triangle. Einthoven recognized the great potential importance of the ECG as a diagnostic and investigative tool and his achievements made him the founder of modern electrocardiography. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1924 (2 years after Waller's death) in physiology and medicine, "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram."

Nobel Prizes: Contributions to Cardiology

“…He described the P, QRS and T waves, as well as and their alterations in several diseases, especially in valvular heart disease. Showing great wisdom, he wrote after his initial research, “the electrocardiogram should not be used, at least exclusively, to diagnose valvular alterations, because the ECG is the expression of the heart muscle contraction and changes only to the extent that a valvular function failure has influence on such contraction” 1 , 2 , 9 .…”

Multi-Site Photoplethysmographic and Electrocardiographic System for Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Status Assessment

“…The PPG probes were placed on the brachial, radial/ulnar, and tibial arteries for the two hemibodies. The 3 ECG electrodes were placed on the patient's body following the standard Einthoven's triangle lead configuration [23]. The PCB board was equipped with a 4 V portable battery, power management circuits, a conditioning circuit for the SiPMs signals, 8 mini B-USB connectors for PPG probes, and 8 SMA output connectors.…”

“…The PPG probes were placed on the brachial, radial/ulnar, and tibial arteries for the two hemibodies. The 3 ECG electrodes were placed on the patient's body following the standard Einthoven's triangle lead configuration [23].…”

HISTORY OF CARDIAC AND THORACIC SURGERY The origins of electrocardiography in Poland

“…Willem Einthoven, who had the opportunity to see the technique demonstrated by Waller during a session of the International Congress of Physiology in 1889, was impressed by the achievement of the British scientist. In time, Einthoven would become a key figure in the development of electrocardiography [ 5 – 7 ].…”

“…In 1905, Einthoven transmitted an electrocardiogram created in hospital conditions to his laboratory over 1 km away via telephone cables [ 5 ]. A year later, he was able to publish a classification of normal and abnormal electrocardiograms recorded with a string galvanometer ( Fig.…”