Precision of Olfactometry and Odor Testing Results

Mielcarek

Agricultural Engineering

2016

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of manure cooling by the use of the heat recovery system on odour emission from a deep litter piggery. Annual comparative research was carried out in a twin-room deep litter piggery located in Wielkopolska Voivodeship. The recovered heat was transferred to central heating and domestic hot water systems of a residential building. The study showed that the average odour emission rate from the room, where heat was recovered (0.192±0.083 ouE·s−1·kg m.c.−1) was lower than in the room without heat recovering (0.273±0.138 ouE·s−1·kg m.c. −1) (p<0.05). The difference was 27%. It was also found that there was statistically significant strong correlation (r =0.86) between the amount of the recovered heat and the percentage odour emission reduction (p <0.05). This relationship was described by the logarithmic regression line y=12.5ln(x)-21.5 (r2=0.74)

Section: Research Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limiting Odour Emission from Piggery through Application of Heat Recovery System

Mielcarek

Agricultural Engineering

2016

“…As specified before, in this evaluation it is necessary to take into account the fact that the relation between odour intensity and odour concentration is logarithmic [39]. For this reason, the confidence interval is not symmetric around the average value [83,84]. It is possible to calculate an upper (UL) and a lower limit (LL) of the 95% confidence interval of the odour threshold, according to the following relations [86]:

lg Z_{UL} = M + t s / \sqrt{N}

lg Z_{LL} = M + t s / \sqrt{N}

where: tStudent factor depending on f = L – W – 1fnumber of variancesLtotal of measuring sequencesWnumber of measuring sequences for series of measurementsNnumber of panelistsMarithmetic meansstandard deviation…”

Section: Sensory Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this field additional procedures for improving accuracy and repeatability of olfactometric measure, by optimization of panel selection [ 80 ], or by editing a quality control protocol based on interlaboratory comparison studies [ 81 – 83 ] have been evaluated. Moreover, panel repeatability tests have also been performed by presenting to panelists the same environmental odour sample or standard odorant multiple times during one test [ 84 , 85 ]. During these experiments, it has been shown that the time exposure affects panel response and that the optimal duration for the employment of analysts in a measure session is equal to two hours.…”

Section: Sensory Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During these experiments, it has been shown that the time exposure affects panel response and that the optimal duration for the employment of analysts in a measure session is equal to two hours. By applying statistical methods, such as ANOVA, it has been demonstrated that olfactometric variance is mainly affected by within group variance compared to between group variance [ 84 , 85 ].…”

Section: Sensory Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors

Brattoli

Gennaro

Pinto

et al. 2011

Sensors

199

134

The complexity of the odours issue arises from the sensory nature of smell. From the evolutionary point of view olfaction is one of the oldest senses, allowing for seeking food, recognizing danger or communication: human olfaction is a protective sense as it allows the detection of potential illnesses or infections by taking into account the odour pleasantness/unpleasantness. Odours are mixtures of light and small molecules that, coming in contact with various human sensory systems, also at very low concentrations in the inhaled air, are able to stimulate an anatomical response: the experienced perception is the odour. Odour assessment is a key point in some industrial production processes (i.e., food, beverages, etc.) and it is acquiring steady importance in unusual technological fields (i.e., indoor air quality); this issue mainly concerns the environmental impact of various industrial activities (i.e., tanneries, refineries, slaughterhouses, distilleries, civil and industrial wastewater treatment plants, landfills and composting plants) as sources of olfactory nuisances, the top air pollution complaint. Although the human olfactory system is still regarded as the most important and effective “analytical instrument” for odour evaluation, the demand for more objective analytical methods, along with the discovery of materials with chemo-electronic properties, has boosted the development of sensor-based machine olfaction potentially imitating the biological system. This review examines the state of the art of both human and instrumental sensing currently used for the detection of odours. The olfactometric techniques employing a panel of trained experts are discussed and the strong and weak points of odour assessment through human detection are highlighted. The main features and the working principles of modern electronic noses (E-Noses) are then described, focusing on their better performances for environmental analysis. Odour emission monitoring carried out through both the techniques is finally reviewed in order to show the complementary responses of human and instrumental sensing.

Sixth Annual International Conference on Game Jams, Hackathons, and Game Creation Events

“…Game jams that were part of the second wave actively encouraged team creation. The ToJam [89] invited floating graphics artists and sound designers to support teams that lacked those skills, while the Nordic Game Jam [82] organised ice breakers for the jammers, and pitching sessions with group forming (section 5.3). The second wave of game jams began four years after the 0th Indie Game Jam [53], as the two game jams that would be competitors for the world's largest single-site game jam launched: The Nordic Game Jam in January 2006 [82] and the Toronto Game Jam [89] in May 2006.…”

Section: A History Of Game Jamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Decades of Game Jams

Lai

Kultima

Khosmood

et al. 2021

In less than a year's time, March 2022 will mark the twentieth anniversary of the first documented game jam, the Indie Game Jam, which took place in Oakland, California in 2002. Initially, game jams were widely seen as frivolous activities. Since then, they have taken the world by storm. Game jams have not only become part of the day-to-day process of many game developers, but jams are also used for activist purposes, for learning and teaching, as part of the experience economy, for making commercial prototypes that gamers can vote on, and more. Beyond only surveying game jams and the relevant published scientific literature from the last two decades, this paper has several additional contributions. It builds a history of game jams, and proposes two different taxonomies of game jams -a historical and a categorical. In addition, it discusses the definition of game jam and identifies the most active research areas within the game jam community such as the interplay and development with local communities, the study and analysis of game jammers and organisers, and works that bring a critical look on game jams. CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing → Interaction design; • Software and its engineering → Interactive games.