Predicting maize yield in a multiple species competition with Xanthium strumarium and Amaranthus retroflexus: Comparing of approaches to modeling herbicide performance
“…Xanthium strumarium L. (Common cocklebur), a member of the Asteraceae, is an annual weed species propagated by seeds [1,2]. It is native to North America and Argentina [3], and regarded as a noxious weed species of corn and soybean crops throughout the world [4][5][6][7][8]. Moreover, it produce large amounts of allergenic pollens due to close relatedness of Xanthium and Ambrosia genus [9][10][11].…”
Xanthium strumarium
L. (Common cocklebur) is a noxious weed prevailing in different ecosystems around the world. It incurs significant yield and economic losses in different cropping systems globally. Successful management of any weed species depends on sound knowledge of seed germination biology. However, detailed knowledge on seed germination biology of the species is missing. Therefore, we investigated the impact of different environmental factors on seed germination and seed burial depths on seedling emergence of two
X
.
strumarium
populations. The impact of different sorghum mulch doses (0–10 t ha
-1
) on seedling emergence of the tested populations was also explored. Seed germination was evaluated under different photoperiods (0, 12 and 24), constant temperatures (0–50°C with 5°C stepwise rise), and different levels of pH (3–12), salinity (0–600 mM) and osmotic potential (0 to -1.6 MPa). Seedling emergence was observed for seeds buried at different depths (0–15 cm). Seeds of both populations proved non-photoblastic; however, higher germination was recorded under 12-hour photoperiod. The seeds germinated under a wide range of constant temperatures (10–45°C), pH (4–10), osmotic potentials (0 to -0.8 MPa) and salinity levels (0–400 mM NaCl). However, the highest germination was observed under 30–31°C temperature and neutral pH (7.51–7.52). Seeds were able to withstand 400 mM salinity and -1.00 MPa osmotic potential. Seedling emergence was initially improved with increasing burial depth and then a sharp decline was noted for the seeds buried >3 cm depth. Most of the seeds of both populations did not emerge from >8 cm depth. Different sorghum mulch doses linearly suppressed seedling emergence of tested populations, and 5.83–5.89 t ha
-1
mulch application suppressed 50% of seedling emergence. Seedling emergence was completely retarded with 8 t ha
-1
sorghum mulch. The tested populations germinated under diverse environmental circumstances indicating that the species can become troublesome in marginal habitats and cropped lands. Deep burial of seeds and application of sorghum mulches suppressed seedling emergence. Thus, deep burial followed by shallow tillage and application of sorghum mulches could be used as a successful strategy to manage the species in agricultural fields. Nonetheless, management strategies must be developed to control the species in other habitats.
“…Xanthium strumarium L. (Common cocklebur), a member of the Asteraceae, is an annual weed species propagated by seeds [1,2]. It is native to North America and Argentina [3], and regarded as a noxious weed species of corn and soybean crops throughout the world [4][5][6][7][8]. Moreover, it produce large amounts of allergenic pollens due to close relatedness of Xanthium and Ambrosia genus [9][10][11].…”
Xanthium strumarium
L. (Common cocklebur) is a noxious weed prevailing in different ecosystems around the world. It incurs significant yield and economic losses in different cropping systems globally. Successful management of any weed species depends on sound knowledge of seed germination biology. However, detailed knowledge on seed germination biology of the species is missing. Therefore, we investigated the impact of different environmental factors on seed germination and seed burial depths on seedling emergence of two
X
.
strumarium
populations. The impact of different sorghum mulch doses (0–10 t ha
-1
) on seedling emergence of the tested populations was also explored. Seed germination was evaluated under different photoperiods (0, 12 and 24), constant temperatures (0–50°C with 5°C stepwise rise), and different levels of pH (3–12), salinity (0–600 mM) and osmotic potential (0 to -1.6 MPa). Seedling emergence was observed for seeds buried at different depths (0–15 cm). Seeds of both populations proved non-photoblastic; however, higher germination was recorded under 12-hour photoperiod. The seeds germinated under a wide range of constant temperatures (10–45°C), pH (4–10), osmotic potentials (0 to -0.8 MPa) and salinity levels (0–400 mM NaCl). However, the highest germination was observed under 30–31°C temperature and neutral pH (7.51–7.52). Seeds were able to withstand 400 mM salinity and -1.00 MPa osmotic potential. Seedling emergence was initially improved with increasing burial depth and then a sharp decline was noted for the seeds buried >3 cm depth. Most of the seeds of both populations did not emerge from >8 cm depth. Different sorghum mulch doses linearly suppressed seedling emergence of tested populations, and 5.83–5.89 t ha
-1
mulch application suppressed 50% of seedling emergence. Seedling emergence was completely retarded with 8 t ha
-1
sorghum mulch. The tested populations germinated under diverse environmental circumstances indicating that the species can become troublesome in marginal habitats and cropped lands. Deep burial of seeds and application of sorghum mulches suppressed seedling emergence. Thus, deep burial followed by shallow tillage and application of sorghum mulches could be used as a successful strategy to manage the species in agricultural fields. Nonetheless, management strategies must be developed to control the species in other habitats.
“…The model accurately described the soybean yield influenced by the multiple-weed interference (Figure 4). Previous studies also reported that the multivariate rectangular hyperbolic model provided a good description of the grain yield of crops in the presence of multiple weed species, even though the model was tested in a single-replicate experiment (Kim et al 2006a; Oveisi et al 2013) or without replications (Berti and Sattin 1996). Therefore, the multivariate rectangular hyperbolic model tested in our study can be used for predicting soybean yield under natural field conditions. Figure 4 Soybean yield as a function of the total density equivalent (Table 2) in 2013 (dotted line) and 2014 (dashed line) and in the pooled 2 yr (solid line) data.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Parameter estimates for the rectangular hyperbolic model for the regression of soybean yield as a result of single-weed interference caused by common ragweed, annual sowthistle, common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, and American sloughgrass in 2013 and 2014 and in the pooled 2 yr data. rectangular hyperbolic model provided a good description of the grain yield of crops in the presence of multiple weed species, even though the model was tested in a single-replicate experiment (Kim et al 2006a;Oveisi et al 2013) or without replications (Berti and Sattin 1996). Therefore, the multivariate rectangular hyperbolic model tested in our study can be used for predicting soybean yield under natural field conditions.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many studies expanded this approach to include the multivariate forms of the rectangular hyperbolic model that can predict crop yield resulting from multiple-weed interference by using the density equivalent of individual weed species (Berti and Zanin 1994; Kim et al 2006a; Lindquist et al 1998). Recent studies reported that the multivariate rectangular hyperbolic model has been useful in describing crop yield loss affected by multiple-weed interference (Oveisi et al 2013; Yousefi et al 2012). The multivariate rectangular hyperbolic model would be useful to evaluate the threshold level of multiple-weed interference that causes economic crop yield loss and thus to support decision making for weed control under practical field conditions.…”
Lack of understanding the effects of single- and multiple-weed interference on soybean yield has led to inadequate weed management in Primorsky Krai, resulting in much lower average yield than neighboring regions. A 2 yr field experiment was conducted in a soybean field located in Bogatyrka (43.82°N, 131.6°E), Primorsky Krai, Russia, in 2013 and 2014 to investigate the effects of single and multiple interference caused by naturally established weeds on soybean yield and to model these effects. Aboveground dry weight was negatively affected the most by weed interference, followed by number of pods and seeds. Soybean yield under single-weed interference was best demonstrated by a rectangular hyperbolic model, showing that common ragweed and barnyardgrass were the most competitive weed species, followed by annual sowthistle, American sloughgrass, and common lambsquarters. In the case of multiple-weed interference, soybean yield loss was accurately described by a multivariate rectangular hyperbolic model, with total density equivalent as the independent variable. Parameter estimates indicated that weed-free soybean yields were similar in 2013 and 2014, i.e., estimated as 1.72 t and 1.75 t ha−1, respectively, and competitiveness of each weed species was not significantly different between the two years. Economic thresholds for single-weed interference were 0.74, 0.66, 1.15, 1.23, and 1.45 plants m−2for common ragweed, barnyardgrass, annual sowthistle, American sloughgrass, and common lambsquarters, respectively. The economic threshold for multiple-weed interference was 0.70 density equivalent m−2. These results, including the model, thus can be applied to a decision support system for weed management in soybean cultivation under single and multiple-weed interference in Primorsky Krai and its neighboring regions of Russia.
“…The dose-response model was introduced by Streibig (1980) in 1985, Cousens (1985 developed a rectangular hyperbolic model that explains the linkage between crop yield losses to weed density. Few studies have been carried out to examine the relationship between herbicide performance to the density of selected weed species against yield performance (Kim et al 2002;Moon et al 2014Moon et al , 2010Oveisi et al 2013). The developed models can help in determining the appropriate dose to control selected weed species in winter wheat, rice and corn cultivation.…”
The effect of the herbicide OnDuty™ herbicide (imazapic + imazapyr) on the weed population and growth of rice plants was investigated. The study was conducted at Kampung Parit Penghulu Benteng, Sungai Rambai, Melaka for two seasons (season 1 (September-December 2015) and season 2 (February-May 2016)) to identify the weed population and determine the paddy yield components in the paddy field with OnDuty™ application. Six species under four families, namely, Plantaginaceae (Bacopa monnieri), Araceae (Alternanthera sessilis), Cyperaceae (Fimbristylis miliacea, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis) and Poaceae (Paspalum distichum, Leptochloa chinensis, Oryza sativa (weedy rice), Echinochloa glabrescens), were found in the rice fields. A. sessilis and B. monnieri are the most abundance weeds found in both seasons. During season one, A. sessilis was the most dominant weed compared with other species. Higher dosage of OnDuty™ up to 300 g ai/ha OnDuty™ (double recommended dose) did not affect the relative density of weeds and weedy rice can be controlled at half recommended dose. The Clearfield® production system offers control of many weeds especially parasitic weed which missed by other herbicides and adds an effective weed-control tool to rice. In season two, weedy rice was not detected. The yield of rice was significantly higher in plots treated at 300 g a.i/ha OnDuty™ for both seasons. Thus, OnDuty™ can effectively control weedy rice at half recommended dose and increase rice yield at double recommended dose. ABSTRAK Kesan herbisid OnDuty™ terhadap populasi dan pertumbuhan tanaman padi telah dikenal pasti. Kajian dijalankan di Kampung Parit Penghulu Benteng, Sungai Rambai, Melaka untuk dua musim iaitu musim pertama (September-Disember 2015) dan musim kedua (Februari-Mei 2016) untuk mengenal pasti populasi rumpai dan menentukan komponen hasil padi di kawasan sawah padi dengan penggunaan herbisid OnDuty™. Terdapat enam spesies di bawah empat famili telah ditemui di sawah padi yang dikaji iaitu Plantaginaceae (Bacopa monnieri), Araceae (Alternanthera sessilis), Cyperaceae (Fimbristylis miliacea, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis) dan Poaceae (Paspalum distichum, Leptochloa chinensis, Oryza sativa (padi angin), Echinochloa glabrescens). Spesies rumpai A. sessilis dan B. monnieri adalah rumpai yang paling banyak terdapat di kedua-dua musim yang ditetapkan. Pada musim pertama, A. sessilis merupakan rumpai yang paling dominan berbanding spesies lain. Peningkatan dos kepekatan herbisid OnDuty™ sehingga 300 g ai/ha OnDuty™ (dua kali dos yang disyorkan) tidak menjejaskan ketumpatan relatif rumpai dan padi angin boleh dikawal pada separuh dos yang disyorkan. Sistem pengeluaran Clearfield® menawarkan kawalan pelbagi jenis rumpai terutamanya rumpai parasit yang tidak dapat dikawal oleh herbisid yang lain dan menjadi satu alat kawalan yang berkesan dalam penanaman padi. Padi angin tidak dapat dikesan pada musim kedua. Penghasilan padi jauh lebih tinggi pada plot yang dirawat dengan kepekatan 300 g a.i/ha OnDuty™ untuk kedua-dua musim. ...
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