“…Despite serving as a primary source of income for the island's residents, tin mining has significantly impacted the island's geography and ecosystem. The resultant land degradation has led to biodiversity loss, diminishing the functionality and services of the forest ecosystem [ 3 ]. Deforestation, encompassing the conversion of forests into cropland, grassland, mining complexes, or built-up areas [ 4 , 5 ], is driven by various factors such as logging, commercial agriculture, infrastructure development, urban expansion, and mining [ 6 , 7 ].…”