Pregnancy Maintenance and Parturition: The Role of Prostaglandin in Manipulating the Immune and Inflammatory Response

Kelly, Rodney W.

doi:10.1210/edrv-15-5-684

Cited by 153 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 272 publications

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“…Their functions are shown to play significant roles in early postpartum uterine defence in the cow [20]. Moreover, steroids, prostaglandins and other arachidonic acid metabolites have also been proposed to influence neutrophil functions [19] and PAGs may be associated with inhibition of polymorphonuclear cell functions [13,16]. In our results, no clear difference was found in the number of lymphocytes but the number was larger in one of the animals with stillbirth (animal no.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Endocrine Profiles, Haematology and Pregnancy Outcomes of Late Pregnant Holstein Dairy Heifers Sired by Bulls Giving a High or Low Incidence of Stillbirth

Kornmatitsuk

Dahl²,

Ropstad³

et al. 2004

Acta Vet Scand

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The high incidence of stillbirth in Swedish Holstein heifers has increased continuously during the last 15 years to an average of 11% today. The pathological reasons behind the increased incidence of stillbirth are unknown. The present experiment was undertaken to investigate possible causes of stillbirth and to study possible physiological markers for predicting stillbirth. Twenty Swedish Holstein dairy heifers sired by bulls with breeding values for a high risk of stillbirth (n = 12) (experimental group) and a low risk of stillbirth (n = 8) (control group, group B) were selected based on information in the Swedish AI-data base. The experimental group consisted of 2 subgroups of heifers (groups A1 and A2) inseminated with 2 different bulls with 3.5% and 9% higher stillbirth rates than the average, and the control group consisted of heifers pregnant with 5 different bulls with 0%–6% lower stillbirth rates than the average. The bull used for group A1 had also calving difficulties due to large calves as compared to the bull in group A2 showing no calving difficulties. The heifers were supervised from 6–7 months of pregnancy up to birth, and the pregnancies and parturitions were compared between groups regarding hormonal levels, haematology, placental characteristics and calf viability. In group A1, 1 stillborn, 1 weak and 4 normal calves were recorded. In group A2, 2 stillborn and 4 normal calves were registered. All animals in the control group gave birth to a normal living calf without any assistance. The weak calf showed deviating profiles of body temperature, saturated oxygen and heart rates, compared with the normal living calves. No differences of the placentome thickness, measured in vivo by ultrasonography were seen between the groups. The number of leukocytes and differential cell counts in groups A1 and A2 followed the profiles found in the control group. In group A1, a slight decrease of oestrone sulphate (E1SO4) levels was found in the animal delivering a stillborn calf from the first 24-h blood sampling at 6 weeks to the second at 3 weeks prior to delivery, while the levels of E1SO4 at both periods in the animal delivering a weak calf followed the profile in animals delivering a normal living calf. During late pregnancy and at the time of parturition, the levels of E1SO4 and PAGs in animals delivering a stillborn or weak calf (from group A1) followed the normal profiles found in animals delivering a normal living calf. In group A2, low levels of E1SO4 and pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) over 24 h at both 3 and 6 weeks prior to parturition (<1.5 nmol/L) were recorded in animals delivering a stillborn calf. During late pregnancy and parturition, the levels of E1SO4 and PAGs were slightly lower during 30–50 days prior to delivery and increased with a lower magnitude at the time of parturition. In conclusion, our results indicate that the aetiology behind stillbirth varies depending on the AI-bulls used and is associated with dystocia or low viability of the calves. Deviating profiles of oestrone...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Endocrine Profiles, Haematology and Pregnancy Outcomes of Late Pregnant Holstein Dairy Heifers Sired by Bulls Giving a High or Low Incidence of Stillbirth

Kornmatitsuk

Dahl²,

Ropstad³

et al. 2004

Acta Vet Scand

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“…There is also some evidence that endometritis contributes to infertility later in lactation (Salasel et al 2010). Inflammation, or elements of inflammation, is a hallmark of several normal reproductive processes including ovulation, menstruation, cervical dilation and parturition (Kelly 1994(Kelly , 1996(Kelly , 2002Kelly et al 1994;Owiny et al 1995). However, when inflammatory processes persist during inappropriate stages of the reproductive cycle, they inflict damage on gametes and zygotes and impair reproductive processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of endometritis on the establishment of pregnancy in cattle

Gilbert

2012

Reprod. Fertil. Dev.

114

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Endometritis is common in post partum dairy cows and is associated with impaired reproductive performance reflected in reduced first service conception, reduced hazard of pregnancy over the breeding period and increased risk of reproductive culling. The observed effects may be mediated directly by bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin), or indirectly by inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, eicosanoids, nitric oxide and oxidative stress affecting sperm, ovarian, uterine and embryonic function. An inflammatory milieu in the uterus has been associated with changes in sperm motility and function as well as increased sperm phagocytosis. Zygotes resulting from fertilisation of oocytes with sperm subjected to oxidative stress are less likely to develop to the blastocyst stage. In addition, LPS and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) impair follicular steroidogenesis, growth and ovulation. Oocytes exposed to LPS or prostaglandin (PG) F(2α) during maturation are less likely to develop to blastocyst stage after fertilisation. Embryos exposed to inflammatory mediators during development have fewer trophoectoderm cells. Nitric oxide impairs development of preimplantation embryos and TNFα increases blastomere apoptosis. Endometritis in women has been associated with higher rates of implantation failure. Extragenital inflammation (e.g. mastitis) is also associated with an increased rate of embryonic loss in cattle. These observations make it clear that direct and indirect effects of endometritis, and inflammation in general, can interrupt successful reproduction at several crucial stages.

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“…2), the absence of COX-2 expression on day 20 in FP Ϫ/Ϫ mice is the result of a persistent production of progesterone. Hence some cytokines are postulated to be potential signaling molecules working during the onset of labor (27). 5 and data not shown).…”

Section: Cox-2 Expression During Parturitionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Uterine Expression of Prostaglandin H₂Synthase in Late Pregnancy and during Parturition in Prostaglandin F Receptor-Deficient Mice¹

et al. 2000

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PG production in uterine tissues is important for many physiological processes in late pregnancy, including parturition. We examined the expression of the PGH2 synthases, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, in uterine tissues during late pregnancy, using PGF receptor-deficient (FP-/-) mice. Female FP-/- mice are unable to deliver normal fetuses at term, as they do not undergo luteolysis necessary for parturition. In wild-type mice, COX-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed in the endometrial epithelium, myometrium, and decidua throughout late pregnancy. The expression of COX-1 mRNA in the endometrial epithelium and myometrium decreased both in wild-type mice undergoing natural parturition and in FP-/- mice undergoing ovariectomy-induced parturition, but expression of COX-1 mRNA was enhanced in FP-/- mice at the expected term. In wild-type mice, COX-2 mRNA was not expressed in the myometrium before parturition, but was markedly induced during parturition. This induction of COX-2 was absent in FP-/- mice at the expected term, but was found during ovariectomy-induced parturition in these mice. Expression of COX-2 proteins was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Thus, in uterine tissues, myometrial expression of COX-2 is closely associated with the occurrence of parturition, but uterine expression of COX-1 is induced much earlier and kept at a high level until parturition occurs. These results suggest that COX-1-derived PGs are responsible for the induction of luteolysis, and that COX-2-derived PGs play a role in the final pathway of parturition.

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Pregnancy Maintenance and Parturition: The Role of Prostaglandin in Manipulating the Immune and Inflammatory Response

Cited by 153 publications

References 272 publications

Endocrine Profiles, Haematology and Pregnancy Outcomes of Late Pregnant Holstein Dairy Heifers Sired by Bulls Giving a High or Low Incidence of Stillbirth

Endocrine Profiles, Haematology and Pregnancy Outcomes of Late Pregnant Holstein Dairy Heifers Sired by Bulls Giving a High or Low Incidence of Stillbirth

The effects of endometritis on the establishment of pregnancy in cattle

Uterine Expression of Prostaglandin H₂Synthase in Late Pregnancy and during Parturition in Prostaglandin F Receptor-Deficient Mice¹

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Pregnancy Maintenance and Parturition: The Role of Prostaglandin in Manipulating the Immune and Inflammatory Response

Cited by 153 publications

References 272 publications

Endocrine Profiles, Haematology and Pregnancy Outcomes of Late Pregnant Holstein Dairy Heifers Sired by Bulls Giving a High or Low Incidence of Stillbirth

Endocrine Profiles, Haematology and Pregnancy Outcomes of Late Pregnant Holstein Dairy Heifers Sired by Bulls Giving a High or Low Incidence of Stillbirth

The effects of endometritis on the establishment of pregnancy in cattle

Uterine Expression of Prostaglandin H2Synthase in Late Pregnancy and during Parturition in Prostaglandin F Receptor-Deficient Mice1

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Uterine Expression of Prostaglandin H₂Synthase in Late Pregnancy and during Parturition in Prostaglandin F Receptor-Deficient Mice¹