“…In mice, it was shown that the lack of mature B cells is associated with reduced litter size, decreased size of the embryos, and higher susceptibility to prenatal infections (Busse et al, 2019). In women with common variable immunodeficiency, a condition associated with reduced frequencies of switched memory B cells in peripheral blood (Bright et al, 2013), an elevated risk for preterm birth or other pregnancy complications, such as PE, stillbirth, or vaginal bleeding, was observed (Kralickova et al, 2015). Recurrent miscarriage (Carbone et al, 2016;Ota et al, 2014) and PE (Zeng et al, 2013) were linked to alterations in the induction of B cell memory.…”