Prelexical phonological coding of visual words in Dutch: Automatic after all

Brysbaert, Marc

doi:10.3758/bf03200479

Cited by 63 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…--"As in English and in French, we did find a reliable pseudohomophone effect with prime durations longer than 40 ms but not with prime durations shorter then 30 ms (Brysbaert, 2001). …”

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confidence: 49%

“…A large number of studies were designed to investigate whether or not phonological priming can be obtained at a given SOA, where SOA was implicitly regarded as an absolute value. The subsequent labeling of a given computational process (orthographic or phonological) as "fast" or "slow" has been based exclusively on the exposure duration of the prime, while monitoring its potential influence on the processing of the target (e.g., Berent & Perfetti, 1995;Brysbaert, 2001;Ferrand & Grainger, 1992, 1993Grainger & Ferrand, 1996;Lukatela & Turvey, 1994a, 1994bLukatela et al, 1998;Coltheart et al, 2001). Considering, for example, the recent debate in the scientific community regarding the pseudohomophone priming effect reported by Lukatela et al (1998), the subsequent discussions of these findings (e.g., Coltheart et al, 2001, Frost et al, 2003 emerged simply because 29 ms was indeed considered by some researchers to be "too fast" for generating a phonological code.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SOA does not reveal the absolute time course of cognitive processing in fast priming experiments☆

Tzur

Frost

2007

Journal of Memory and Language

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Applying Bloch's law to visual word recognition research, both exposure duration of the prime and its luminance determine the prime's overall energy, and consequently determine the size of the priming effect. Nevertheless, experimenters using fast-priming paradigms traditionally focus only on the SOA between prime and target to reflect the absolute speed of cognitive processes under investigation. Some of the discrepancies in results regarding the time course of orthographic and phonological activation in word recognition research may be due to this factor. This hypothesis was examined by manipulating parametrically the luminance of the prime and its exposure duration, measuring their joint impact on masked repetition priming. The results show that small and nonsignificant priming effects can be more than tripled as a result of simply increasing luminance, when SOA is kept constant. Moreover, increased luminance may compensate for briefer exposure duration and vice versa. The model suggests that prelexical phonological computation is, in most cases, relatively slow, lagging behind orthographic processing. Thus, the grapheme-phoneme-conversion route in the DRC computational model operates only after several cycles of the simulation have taken place, and each letter is made available for the computation process only after a constant number of cycles have elapsed. Given that prelexical computation is serial, the model is structured so that the lexical activation of the final phonemes will usually precede their prelexical activation. This architecture was probably implemented to avoid high rates of regularization on exception words. It poses, however, interesting constraints on the ability of the model to account for lexical access occurring via fast prelexical phonological encoding (see Rastle & Brysbaert, 2006, for a detailed discussion). In contrast, to dual-route models, the strong phonological theory (e.g., Frost, 1995Frost, , 1998 Lukatela & Turvey, 1994a,b;Van Orden, Pennington & Stone, 1990) regards prelexical phonological computation as the initial cognitive operation launched in the reading process, and considers it to be very fast. Thus, findings regarding the speed of phonological computation are expected to provide distinguishing evidence between the two Correspondence should be addressed to Ram Frost,

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“…--"As in English and in French, we did find a reliable pseudohomophone effect with prime durations longer than 40 ms but not with prime durations shorter then 30 ms (Brysbaert, 2001). …”

mentioning

confidence: 49%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SOA does not reveal the absolute time course of cognitive processing in fast priming experiments☆

Tzur

Frost

2007

Journal of Memory and Language

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“…The prototype of this type of task is the masked priming paradigm. Using that paradigm, researchers have reported a net phonological priming effect under a variety of circumstances that would reduce the reliance on phonological information if the system had any strategic control on the use of this information (Berent, 1997;Brysbaert, 2001;Xu & Perfetti, 1999). Brysbaert et al (1999) reasoned that a strong phonological model of visual word recognition also has implications for bilingual language processing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual word recognition in bilinguals: Phonological priming from the second to the first language.

Wijnendaele¹,

Brysbaert²

2002

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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102

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In this study, the authors show that cross-lingual phonological priming is possible not only from the 1st language (L1) to the 2nd language (L2), but also from L2 to L1. In addition, both priming effects were found to have the same magnitude and to not be related to differences in word naming latencies between L1 and L2. The findings are further evidence against language-selective access models of bilingual word processing and are more in line with strong phonological models of visual word recognition than with the traditional dual-route models.Until 1990, the general idea was that bilinguals had two mental lexicons: one for the first language and one for the second. In addition, a language switch mechanism controlled which lexicon was active. Such an architecture of language selective access seemed ideal to explain why, in general, bilinguals do not experience interference problems from one language to the other. In recent years, however, evidence has accumulated showing that the first stages of visual word recognition are largely language independent and that the assumption of independent lexicons may be incorrect. Subsequently, we give a summary of this evidence (for further discussion, see Brysbaert, 1998;Brysbaert, Van Dyck, & Van de Poel, 1999;Dijkstra, Timmermans, & Schriefers, 2000;van Heuven, Dijkstra, & Grainger, 1998).First, in lexical decision tasks, it has been shown that bilingual participants cannot suppress one of their languages, even when the task strongly urges them to do so because of interference costs. For instance, it has been shown repeatedly that if the nonword trials contain words of the nontarget language, there are large processing costs associated with these trials (e.g., Nas, 1983). In addition, these trials have strong inhibitory effects on the processing of interlingual homographs (i.e., words that exist in both languages but have different meanings; De Groot, Delmaar, & Lupker, 2000;Dijkstra, Grainger, & van Heuven, 1999;Dijkstra, Van Jaarsveld, & Ten Brinke, 1998). The magnitude of the inhibitory effect depends on the relative frequency of the homograph in the target and the nontarget language. Recently, Dijkstra et al. (2000) reported that the frequency-dependent interference effect not only appears in a lexical decision task (e.g., for a Dutch-English bilingual, Is this a Dutch word or not?), but also in a go/no-go paradigm (e.g., Press on the key when the stimulus is a Dutch word only), despite that in the latter paradigm, there is little discussion that performance would be best if the nontarget language system were simply suppressed.Second, researchers have extended basic findings of monolingual language processing to bilingual processing. Bijeljac-Babic, Biardeau, and Grainger (1997), for instance, looked at the inhibition effect of orthographic neighbors. Previous research (e.g., Segui & Grainger, 1990) had shown that low-frequency target words are more difficult to recognize if, immediately before, a high-frequency orthographic neighbor has been presented tachistoscopica...

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“…In the indirect task, Kana numbers might be processed as visual objects (Algom, Dekel, & Pansky, 1996;Pansky & Algom, 2002). Otherwise, Kana numbers processing might end at the phonological level (Brysbaert, 2001;Fias, 2001;Fias, Reynvoet, & Brysbaert, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the pathway with mediation of a phonological representation might be dominant for Kana numbers (i.e., visual number form-verbal word frame-analogue magnitude representation), whereas the direct pathway could be dominant for Arabic and Kanji numbers (i.e., visual number form-analogue magnitude representation). Thus, as alphabetic numbers, Kana numbers might be translated up to a phonological representation in our indirect numerical task (Brysbaert, 2001;Fias, 2001;Fias et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semantic processing of Arabic, Kanji, and Kana numbers: Evidence from interference in physical and numerical size judgments

Ito

Hatta

2003

Memory & Cognition

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Prelexical phonological coding of visual words in Dutch: Automatic after all

Cited by 63 publications

References 37 publications

SOA does not reveal the absolute time course of cognitive processing in fast priming experiments☆

SOA does not reveal the absolute time course of cognitive processing in fast priming experiments☆

Visual word recognition in bilinguals: Phonological priming from the second to the first language.

Semantic processing of Arabic, Kanji, and Kana numbers: Evidence from interference in physical and numerical size judgments

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