Preparation and characteristics of nanosized carbonated apatite by urea addition with coprecipitation method

Size-controlled synthesis and characterization of fluorapatite nanocrystals in the presence of gelatin

“…The C peak might originate from the carbonate incorporated into the FA lattice and/or the gelatin residues. The CO 3 2− ions are known to partially substitute the OH − and the PO 4 3− groups in the FA [34]. The process of substitution of PO 4 3− by CO 3 2− usually leads to the formation of vacancies on the calcium sites, according to the literature data [35].…”

“…During the co-precipitation process, CO 3 2− can be incorporated into the apatite lattices. Under present preparation conditions, the main phase was identified as FA from XRD analysis.…”

“…Deviation from the stoichiometry of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) is due to the presence in the crystal lattice of vacancies and ion substitutes such as carbonates, fluorides, sodium and potassium, which are usually introduced into the precipitating system with the reactants [2,3]. HA has been studied extensively and used for clinical applications due to its excellent biocompatibility [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates

“…Most of these techniques produced rod-like crystals or whiskers, while plate-like shapes were obtained in just a few studies [335,345,347]. Other preparation methods of nanodimensional and/or nanocrystalline apatites of various states, shapes and sizes include sol-gel [30,188,231,232,270,328,[360][361][362][363][364][365][366][367][368][369][370][371][372][373][374][375][376], co-precipitation [271,333,334,[377][378][379][380], mechanochemical approach[65, 250,343,348,[381][382][383][384][385][386][387], mechanical alloying [388,389], ball milling [348,383,…”

Effect of ion concentration on mechanosynthesis of carbonated chlorapatite nanopowders

“…These kind of apatite structures form a bioactive apatite with higher dissolution and osteoclast mediated resorption properties [3]. Furthermore, the presence of carbonate into the apatite structure leads to a decline in crystallinity, a change in crystal morphology, and an enhancement of chemical reactivity due to the weak bonding due to carbonates geometry [4][5][6]. In fact, the carbonated apatite boosts the local concentration of calcium and phosphate ions that are necessary for new bone formation [7].…”