Preparation and characterization of macroporous chitosan–gelatin/β‐tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

A biodegradable composite scaffold was developed using ␤-tricalcium phosphate (␤-TCP) with chitosan (CS) and gelatin (Gel) in the form of a hybrid polymer network (HPN) via co-crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Various types of scaffolds were prepared by freezing and lyophilizing. These scaffolds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffractometer, and scanning electron microscopy. The macroporous composite scaffolds exhibited different pore structures. Compressive properties were improved, especially compressive modulus from 3.9 -10.9 MPa. Biocompatibility was evaluated subcutaneously on rabbits. A mild inflammatory response was observed over 12 weeks. The results suggest that the scaffolds can be utilized in nonloading bone regeneration.

Enhanced Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation by Bioactive Glass Functionalized Graphene Oxide Substrates

“…In our studies, the influences of different DGO/BG loading ratio and the sol-gel-melting technique on physical and chemical features of final composites were exquisitely controlled. As indicated in Figure 3, BG particles only emerged above reaction temperature of 600 ∘ C with sol-gel method, which proved the previous studies demonstrating that the nucleation of BG was impeded by low temperature [32]. Heterogeneous microscale particles presented on 5 wt.% DGO/BG composite scaffold, while homogeneous distribution of nanospheric particles with diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm was achieved at 1000 ∘ C on 1 wt.% DGO/BG.…”

A novel soft and cotton‐like chitosan‐sugar nanoscaffold

“…It should be noted that, in recent years, scaffolds are recognized as an alternative material with porous structure for advanced applications, such as bioactive molecule delivery, medical implants, cultured artifi-cial organs, and tissue engineering. [8][9][10][11][12] Until now, the techniques known for preparing scaffold are, for example, polymer assembly, phase separation, and electrospinning. The polymer assembly is a preformed structure based on molecular interactions, such as hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic interactions, etc.…”

New development of carbonate apatite-chitosan scaffold based on lyophilization technique for bone tissue engineering

“…One approach to overcome these disadvantages is to design composite substances that combine the strengths of different materials and minimize their drawbacks. The incorporation of chitosan with calcium phosphate, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), and carbonate apatite (CA) [37][38][39][40][41] , could improve the mechanical properties of the material and enhance its biological properties. HA and β-TCP have been widely applied in bone tissue regeneration due to their interesting properties, mainly those of biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity [37][38][39][40] .…”

“…The incorporation of chitosan with calcium phosphate, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), and carbonate apatite (CA) [37][38][39][40][41] , could improve the mechanical properties of the material and enhance its biological properties. HA and β-TCP have been widely applied in bone tissue regeneration due to their interesting properties, mainly those of biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity [37][38][39][40] . It has been reported that interconnected porous calcium hydroxyapatite (IP/CHA) composites had a systematic arrangement of uniform pores, that almost all the pores were interconnected, and that they showed good bone formation ability in the bone socket of dog femur 42) .…”

“…However, HA and β-TCP also have some problems; for example, highly sintered HA is non-degradable and the crystallinity of β-TCP is too low; therefore, it degrades too fast. In some cases, this material is absorbed before sufficient new bone formation [37][38][39][40] . Among these calcium phosphates, CA has been reported to have an appropriate absorbance time period and good bone formation ability 39,41) .…”