2019
DOI: 10.1002/dev.21898
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Preparation for certain and uncertain future outcomes in young children and three species of monkey

Abstract: This study examined 3‐year old children and monkeys’ capacities to prepare for immediate future events. In Study 1, children were presented with several tube apparatuses with two exits. When targets were certain to emerge from both, children tended to prepare to catch them by covering each exit. When it was uncertain where targets would emerge, however, they tended to prepare for only one possibility. These results substantiate the claim that simultaneous preparation for mutually exclusive possibilities develo… Show more

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Cited by 20 publications
(11 citation statements)
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“…Only the 5-year-olds in the Gautam et al study provided compelling evidence that they appreciated the exclusive “or” relation by consistently passing both versions of the task. This interpretation is consistent with other recent data (Redshaw & Suddendorf, 2016; Suddendorf et al, 2020) and aligns with theory (Leahy & Carey, 2020; Redshaw & Suddendorf, 2020) suggesting that young children and nonhuman primates—unlike older children—may not represent mutually exclusive possibilities as such (see Laland & Seed, 2021, for a related discussion).…”
supporting
confidence: 92%
“…Only the 5-year-olds in the Gautam et al study provided compelling evidence that they appreciated the exclusive “or” relation by consistently passing both versions of the task. This interpretation is consistent with other recent data (Redshaw & Suddendorf, 2016; Suddendorf et al, 2020) and aligns with theory (Leahy & Carey, 2020; Redshaw & Suddendorf, 2020) suggesting that young children and nonhuman primates—unlike older children—may not represent mutually exclusive possibilities as such (see Laland & Seed, 2021, for a related discussion).…”
supporting
confidence: 92%
“…Although children's tendency to extend both hands improved over sequential trials, <50% of children below age 4 produced this response on the first trial. Furthermore, even children who successfully generated the strategy on a given trial often regressed to one-handed responses on subsequent trials (Redshaw & Suddendorf, 2016;Suddendorf et al, 2020).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While not directly addressed in this issue, studies have recently begun to examine whether non-human animals can similarly reason over mutually exclusive possibilities. Interpretations remain contentious [19,24,104,105], but the available evidence suggests that animals (including nonhuman primates) tend to perform better on 'epistemic uncertainty' tasks requiring them to consider two possible locations of a previously hidden reward [106][107][108][109] than on 'physical uncertainty' tasks requiring them to anticipate two possible future trajectories of a currently visible reward [17,105,110,111]. There are at least four plausible explanations for these conflicting findings.…”
Section: (C) Thinking About Possibilities In Non-human Animalsmentioning
confidence: 99%