Preparation of carbon-based coating for flexible fabric heater by arc ion plating

Electro-conductively deposited carbon fibers for power controllable heating elements

“…This can be ascribed to the enhanced deposition rate of carbon on the surface of carbon bers with increasing time and voltage, thereby causing an increased cross-sectional area of the bers and the crystallinity of the deposited carbon also predominantly contributed to the reduction in resistance. 27 We also observed that the electric power continuously increased from 270 to 448 W at 50 V with increasing voltage and reaction time. This phenomenon can be explained easily from the equation of electric power (W),…”

“…S2(a) †). 27 It is believed that the enlarged diameter of carbon ber caused by the deposited carbon in the gas phase would largely increase the temperature of the heating element. Interestingly, the variation of temperature was quite different from the thickness of deposited carbon.…”

Fabrication and thermal assessment of three-layer woven heating fabrics

“…In order to calculate F ambient according to equations ( 9) and ( 10), first, it is necessary to calculate the fabric's surface temperature (T sur ), which can be obtained from equation (12), in case of the desired value of F metabolism (in our case 80 W/m 2 ).…”

“…10 Hamdani et al (2013) investigated the thermo-mechanical properties of knitted heating fabrics containing silver-coated polymeric yarns by considering the heating and cooling rates and heat distribution over the surface of knitted fabrics. 11 Wang et al (2013) utilized an arc ion plating method for deposition at low temperature to produce carbon-based coatings on a glass fiber fabric in order to be used in a flexible heating fabric. 12 Neves et al (2015) performed a numerical study to investigate the heat transport through a blanket with an embedded smart heating system with regards to the impacts of thickness and thermal conductivity of the blanket, the position of heating wires relative to the skin, the distance between heating wires, applied heating power, and temperature range for operation of the heating system.…”

“…11 Wang et al (2013) utilized an arc ion plating method for deposition at low temperature to produce carbon-based coatings on a glass fiber fabric in order to be used in a flexible heating fabric. 12 Neves et al (2015) performed a numerical study to investigate the heat transport through a blanket with an embedded smart heating system with regards to the impacts of thickness and thermal conductivity of the blanket, the position of heating wires relative to the skin, the distance between heating wires, applied heating power, and temperature range for operation of the heating system. 13 Yen et al (2015) studied the cold protective performance of electrically heated and chemically heated garments in cold environments using a Newton manikin operating in constant temperature mode.…”