Preparation of carbon-coated iron nanofluid and its application in radiofrequency ablation

Abstract

Carbon-coated iron nanoparticles (Fe@C CCINs) were synthesized by carbon arc discharge method and were studied via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that CCINs have good core-shell structure and are in size of 40-50 nm. Also, carbon-coated iron nanofluid (CCINs-nanofluid) was prepared via two-step method by dispersing as-prepared CCINs and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) into physiological saline. Its dispersion stability and thermal conductivity were detected by gravity sedimentation method and Hotdisk thermal constant analyzer respectively. The results indicated that CCINs-nanofluid possesses good dispersity and stability. Moreover, CCINs-nanofluid showed enhanced thermal conductivity compared with its base fluid physiological saline. The enhancement of thermal conductivity even reaches 41%. Additionally, CCINs-nanofluid injection aided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was carried out. The relation between tissue temperature and ablation time revealed that by injecting CCINs-nanofluid into pork livers during RFA, target tissue temperatures were less than 100°C. Dissected pork livers showed that there was little or no tissue charring around the ablation probe. Results of ablation area calculation showed that the ablation area of CCINs-nanofluid injection aided RFA was 67% larger than that of saline injection aided RFA, indicating that a larger-volume tumor tissue necrosis at a single session can be achieved by CCINs-nanofluid injection aided RFA.

Percutaneous ultrasound guided PEG-coated gold nanoparticles enhanced radiofrequency ablation in liver

“…Using an in vitro design, carbon-coated iron nanofluid was injected through the electrode channel in the swine liver during RFA. The target tissue temperatures were lower when carbon-coated iron nanofluid was injected (less than 100 °C) compared to the target tissue temperatures where PS was injected (higher than 100 °C) and there was no tissue charring around 26 . In our study, due to the in-vivo design it would be very difficult to place several electrodes at different distances around the electrode to monitor the target tissue temperatures.…”

<p>Role of Nanofluids in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Technology: Methods and Applications</p>

“…If the given heat were sufficient enough, the tumor tissue would disappear within a few minutes. 60 , 61 In a study by Wu et al, 61 the application of iron NPs (iron NPs with carbon coating) was investigated by the RFA method. The results of the research showed that the use of nanofluid led to a 41% increase in thermal conductivity.…”

“…The results of the research showed that the use of nanofluid led to a 41% increase in thermal conductivity. 61 …”

Joule heating and buoyancy effects in electro-osmotic peristaltic transport of aqueous nanofluids through a microchannel with complex wave propagation

“…and fullerene. The bio-compatibility [1] of nanofluids has led to their significant deployment in diverse areas of biomedical technologies including enzymes [2], anti-bacterial wound treatment [3], solid lipid and dendrimer nanofluids in ophthalmic [4][5][6], hypothermia regulation [7], radiofrequency ablation in cancer care [8] and orthopedic lubrication [9]. The effectiveness of nanoparticle doping of fluids was first demonstrated by Choi [10] wherein it was shown that thermal conductivity characteristics of base fluids (e.g.…”