uring recent decades, animal production methods in the U.S. have changed from small, individual operations to large, confined, commercial enterprises. This change has caused many problems for the swine industry including emission of ammonia (NH 3) from lagoons. Liquid swine manure is usually treated and stored in large (0.25 to 5 ha) anaerobic lagoons before land application. It may be anticipated that 50 to 80% of the nitrogen (N) entering animal lagoons will escape to the atmosphere through NH 3 volatilization (