Prevalence of chronic kidney diseases and its determinants among Iranian adults: results of the first phase of Shahedieh cohort study

Abstract

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major global causes of mortality, described as the most neglected chronic disease. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of CKD in the setting of the Shahedieh cohort study in Yazd, Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on adults in the baseline phase of the Shahedieh cohort study in Yazd, Iran. In this study, 9781 participants aged 30–73-year-old were investigated. The data used in this study included demographic and clinical variables and blood samples. Adjusted odds ratios were employed using multivariate logistic regression; meanwhile, population attributable risks for CKD were calculated and reported. Results CKD prevalence was 27.5% (95%CI: 26.57–28.34) in all participants, 24% in male, and 30.3% in female. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age (OR = 1.89, 95%CI:1.082–1.96), women (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.45–1.79), BMI ≥ 30 (OR = 1.40,95%CI: 1.20–1.62), diabetes (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.22–1.57), hypertriglyceridemia(OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.01–1.43), history of cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.01–1.43), hypertension (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04–1.33), smoking (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02–1.33), LDL ≥ 130 (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.01–1.31), history of kidney stone (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.01–1.32) and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.01–1.32) as risk factors for CKD. Among individual factors, obesity (11.25%), Hypertriglyceridemia (9.21%), LDL ≥ 130 (7.12%) had the greatest Population-Attributable Fraction, followed by Hypercholesterolemia (5.2%), diabetes (5.05%), smoking (3.73%) and high blood pressure (2.82%). Conclusion The results showed that the main determinants of CKD are potentially modifiable risk factors. Therefore, implementing early detection and screening programs in people at risk as well as preventive measures such as lifestyle modification programs and risk factors controlling can prevent the disease.

Risk factors of chronic kidney disease

“…In the case group, 41 (27%) and 62 (41%) of the control group had a history of renal stone, and (OR=0.5 CI 95% 0.329 -2.460) meant that 50% of the odds of developing the disease as the unexposed group, similar to a study conducted in Iran, were (P= 0.0001) and had a 1.3 times greater risk if patients had renal stone (Dehghani et al, 2022). 120 (80%) of the case group and 57 (38%) of the control group both had anemia, and the risk of anemia is 6.5 times higher (OR=6.526) than that of having chronic kidney disease.…”

Prevalence of diabetes and its correlates among Iranian adults: Results of the first phase of Shahedieh cohort study

“…This study is part of PERSIAN, Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran conducted in 2016 to survey noncommunicable diseases, including diabetes, and the related risk factors in Shahedieh area of Yazd. 12 This area was selected based on the conditions, such as the availability of people, lack of migration to other cities, almost identical and untouched ethnicity, and the cooperation of local people. The inclusion criteria of study were the age of 30–73 years, permanent residence in mentioned district over the last 9 months, continuously, and willingness to participate in the study.…”

“…Thus, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) values less than 35 mg/dL (HDL ≤ 35 mg/dL) were considered abnormal HDL values. 12 , 16 People who smoked daily (or at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime) were classified as smokers 17. 17…”

The consequences of the arbitrary herbal and analgesics on renal function

“…The core of CKD treatment is to prevent the prevention of the disease and its complications (Yan 2021). The key determining factor of CKD is hypothetically modifiable risk factors (Dehghani et al, 2022). Many modifiable risk factors have been implicated in the increased epidemiology of CKD and acute kidney injury (AKI) including diabetes, hypertension, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs), and arbitrary herbal usage (Ginawi et al, 2013).…”

“…Implementation of CKD early detection through screening at-risk individuals represents a major preventive measure. Moreover establishing lifestyle modification programs, and risk factors assessment and prevention can lead to better disease control (Dehghani et al, 2022). Dietary interventions may have beneficial effects on health-related quality of life for people with advanced diseases (Palmer et al, 2017).…”