Prevalence of multiple anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy goats in a desolated tract (Pakistan)

Abstract

This paper presents the first report of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in dairy goats in a desert (Pakistan). Three breeds of dairy goats, i.e. Dera Din Panah, Pak Angora and Beetal, kept at Government Livestock Farm, Rakh Khairewala, district Jhang/Layya, Pakistan, were surveyed for gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) resistant to commonly used three anthelmintics, i.e. benzimidazole, levamisole and ivermectin. Sixty animals of each breed were selected randomly on the basis of their weight and egg count. Three commonly used anthelmintics, viz., oxfendazole (three different preparations of oxfendazole: fendamex, oxazole, systamex), levamisole and ivermectin, were given at the recommended dose to five groups while one untreated group was kept as control for each breed. Faecal egg counts, faecal egg count reduction test, postmortem worm count and copro-culture were performed to assess the efficacy of selected anthelmintics. The prevalent species of GINs exhibited resistance against all three preparations of oxfendazole. Levamisole in two breeds and ivermectin in all the breeds led to reduction (P< or =0.05) of prevalent species of GINs in both flocks. Haemonchus controtus and Trichostrongylus species exhibited the presence of resistance against oxfendazole preparations which exhibited low efficacy (P> or =0.05). The farm management practices along with the results of the present study revealed the presence of multiple anthelmintic resistant GINs of dairy goats kept in a desolated tract.

Population Structure and Distribution Patterns of the Sibling Mosquito Species Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium (Diptera: Culicidae) Reveal Different Evolutionary Paths

“…Many studies deal with invasive species such as Aedes aegypti , Aedes albopictus or Ochlerotatus japonicus , which have been introduced and established in different countries. However, numerous indigenous mosquito species are known to be potential carriers of diseases such as Sindbis virus, Ockelbo virus, Usutu virus, Batai virus, West-Nile virus or even malaria [2], [7]–[11].…”

“…Its members are vectors for various diseases, and occur in the proximity of human dwellings [7]. Within the genus Culex , the subgenus Culex includes seven species in Europe [12], with Cx.…”

Small ruminant resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes: a case of Haemonchus contortus

“…Among all these issues, anthelmintic resistance is the single most important problem throughout the world (Miller et al 2006;Saddiqi 2005Saddiqi , 2006Jabbar et al 2006Jabbar et al , 2008Königová et al 2008;Cezar et al 2010). This particular problem mandates that the future control of GINs should be an integrated and multi-faceted approach.…”

“…are known to cause significant morbidity as well as mortality in small ruminants. Among these GINs, Haemonchus (H.) contortus is prevalent in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, especially under warm and wet conditions (Jabbar et al 2008;Paraud et al 2010;Khan et al 2010). It is a highly fecund and voracious blood-sucking parasite of the sheep/ goat abomasum and causes significant production losses, especially in growing lambs due to haemorrhages, anorexia, depression, severe chronic anaemia, loss of condition and eventually death of the affected animals (Allonby 1975;van Wyk and Malan 1988;Overend et al 1994;Miller et al 1998;Amarante et al 1999a;Gauly et al 2002;Notter et al 2003).…”

Pakistan’ın Kuzey Punjab Eyaletindeki Koyun ve Keçilerde Haemonchus contortus ve Teladorsagia circumcincta’nın Anthelmentiklere Karşı Direncinin Belirlenmesi

“…As a result small ruminant production in the tropics and elsewhere is greatly reduced due to diseases caused by helminths [1] , and helminth infection is shown in up to 95 percent of small ruminants [1] . In Pakistan, prevalence of anthelmintic ineffectiveness, in sheep and goats, has been reported by several authors [8][9][10][11] . Recently, in Pakistan, one of the important factors of high prevalence of GINs infections in small ruminants might be due to the loss of anthelmintic activity [8,9,[12][13][14] .…”