Prevalence of Rotaviruses Groups A and C in Egyptian Children and Aquatic Environment

Abstract

The objective of this study is to compare the prevalence of rotaviruses groups A and C in Egyptian children and aquatic environment. From 110 stool specimens of children with acute diarrhea and using RT-PCR, 35 samples (31.8 %) were positive for human rotavirus group A and 15 samples (13.6 %) were positive for human rotavirus group C. From 96 samples collected from Zenin wastewater treatment plant over a 2-year period (November 2009-October 2011) and using RT-PCR, rotavirus group A was detected in (4/24) 16.7 %, (5/24) 20.8 %, (4/24) 16.7 %, and (4/24) 16.7 %, while rotavirus group C was detected in (2/24) 8.3 %, (3/24) 12.5 %, (3/24) 12.5 %, and (0/24) 0 % in raw sewage, after primary sedimentation, after secondary sedimentation, and after final chlorination, respectively. Moreover, from 96 samples collected from El-Giza water treatment plant over a 2-year period (November 2009-October 2011), rotavirus group A was detected in (7/24) 29.2 %, (6/24) 25 %, (5/24) 20.8 %, and (3/24) 12.5 %, while rotavirus group C was detected in (3/24) 12.5 %, (1/24) 4.2 %, (1/24) 4.2 %, and (0/24) 0 % in raw Nile water, after sedimentation, after sand filtration, and after final chlorination, respectively. Using SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR, the number of human rotavirus group A genome or infectious units was higher than rotavirus group C. VP6 sequence analysis of the RT-PCR positive rotavirus group C samples revealed that four clinical specimens and three environmental samples showed similar sequences clustered with Moduganari/Human Nigerian strain AF 325806 with 98 % homology, and two clinical specimens and one environmental sample showed similar sequences clustered with Dhaka CB/Human Bangladesh strain AY 754826 with 97 % homology.

Molecular Characterization of Rotavirus Strains Causing Gastroenteritis in Children under 5 Years in Cairo, Egypt

“…A total of 198 diarrheal specimens were tested by ELISA for rotavirus antigen and 56 (28.3%) were positive. This finding is within the range (11-76.9%) previously detected in Egypt [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and in other countries .3%), including the Middle East and North Africa [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. The variation in prevalence rates may be attributed to different conditions which may have affected the detection rates.…”

“…For example, in other studies there were differences in the number of tested samples, season of sample collection, and the sampling methods. The occurrence of the group A Rotavirus was higher in the first 12 months of life (36%) than in the other age groups, as was observed in previous studies in developing countries [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. This finding may be explained by decline of maternal antibodies with immature immune systems which protect the newborns from pathogens during the first months of life [42].…”

Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: Review

“…Four articles were selected for rotavirus reduction in AS processes (Li et al, 2011;Prado et al, 2011;El-Senousy et al, 2015;Qiu et al, 2015) ( Table S3). The mean values obtained in each study ranged between − 1.31 (Prado et al, 2011) and 2.15 (El-Senousy et al, 2015) ( Fig.…”

Rotavirus and Astrovirus

“…Over the last 30 years (since 1980) RVA have been identified in sewage or drinking water using several virus detection techniques such as; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electron microscopy or immunofluoresce after cultivation in African Green Monkey kidney cells(MA 104) (Steinmann et al, 1982;Deetz et al, 1984;Hejkal et al, 1984;Agbalika et al, 1985). Multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction preceded by reverse transcription (nRT-PCR), using consensus and specific primers for amplifying the genes encoding the VP4 and VP7 proteins (Gouvea et al, 1990;Gentsch et al, 1992;Das et al, 1994), has been successfully used to detect RVA from environmental samples thereby, determining the predominant genotypes in different geographical areas (Kamel et al, 2010, Kiulia et al, 2010, Rodriguez-Diaz et al, 2009, El-Senousy et al, 2015. A RT-PCR VP6 protocol has also been used as a screening tool to increase the range of viral detection (Iturriza-Gomara et al, 2002;Ferreira et al,2009) (protocols available in: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70122/1/WHO_IVB _08.17_eng.pdf).…”

“…RVA and HAstV are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and quickly spread through person-to-person contact (Estes & Greenberg, 2013), airborne droplets and fomites (Estes & Greenberg, 2013). Transmission is also observed by ingestion of contaminated water and food and cases of RVA-and HAstV-associated waterborne disease have been reported (Gallay et al, 2006;Martinelli et al, 2007;Moreno et al, 2009;Koroglu et al, 2011, Villena et al, 2013Kittigul et al, 2014;Mellou et al, 2014;Quiroz-Santiago et al, 2014;El-Senousy et al, 2015).…”