Preventing Vaccine Failure in Poultry Flocks

Abstract

Poultry sector is very useful for humans in terms of production of food items like meat and eggs. Pakistan has a developing poultry sector and is the second important sector after the textile industry. The poultry sector is encountered with many challenges; among them is the high incidence of disease outbreaks that result in colossal economic losses. The diseases of commercial and rural poultry include Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), fowl pox, Marek's disease, infectious bronchitis (IB), avian influenza, hydropericardium syndrome, etc. The disease outbreaks have also occurred in vaccinated flocks. Better understanding of the causes of vaccine failure will result in identifying prophylactic measures regarding disease outbreaks in poultry flocks. This chapter overviews the common causes of vaccine failure and further highlights the procedures for successful immunization.

Factor Influences for Diagnosis and Vaccination of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Chickens

“…The supervision of vaccine handling, transportation, and storage greatly influences the efficacy and quality of vaccines. A live vaccine is sensitive to over 2-8 • C in storage temperature, so it should be continuously monitored to avoid over freezing until hardening [109][110][111]. Vaccines can spoil or lose superiority when in contact with extreme heating and intense light, leading to faster loss of strength, which greatly affects immunity development in birds (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69387).…”

“…In drinking-water vaccination, the water tank should be clean and containing ice cubes or chiller water until the temperature is maintained at below 20 • C. The actual amount of drinking water needs to be calculated the on previous day to avoid longer vaccination. For killed vaccines, a vaccine is thawed from storage around 24 h before vaccination, but should not exceed 37 • C for more than 5 h. Sunlight can directly destroy the vaccine, so it is prohibited to come into contact with direct sunlight, and the vigorous handling of bottles should be avoided [109]. To ensure vaccine quality, the broken emulsion layer in each batch of received killed vaccines needs to be observed before vaccination (Figure 6).…”

“…Poor quality ventilation can damage the lining of the respiratory tract through initiating the immune system and can cause chronic inflammation that leads to less (15% lower IgM response) efficiency or no response to vaccination. [109,125].…”

Effects of Early-Life Antibiotics Administration on the Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Lasota Vaccination and Weight Indices of Broiler Chicken

“…This practice could be responsible for the observed poor antibody titre following Newcastle disease LaSota vaccination as well as sub-optimal levels of growth and productivity in poultry [3]. The possible outcomes of the above scenario include: outbreaks of Newcastle disease in vaccinated flocks, too frequent revaccination of birds against the disease, and increased cost of production on the part of poultry farmers [1,3,26].…”

Polymorphism of CD1B Gene and Its Association with Yolk Immunoglobulin (IgY) Concentration and Newcastle Disease Antibody Titer in IPB-D1 Chicken

“…IgY is the major antibody in poultry, similar to IgG in mammals that functions in the major immune system (Munhoz et al, 2014;Antonysamy, 2018;Brujeni et al, 2019). ND antibody is specific to ND virus infections (Sharif & Ahmad, 2018). Newcastle Diseases (ND) is a disease caused by Paramyxovirus serotype 1 (Kapczynski, Afonso, and Miller, 2013).…”