Principles of loop thermosyphon and its application in data center cooling systems: A review

Ding, Tao; Chen, Xiaoxuan; Cao, Hanwen; He, Zhiguang; Wang, Jianmin; Li, Zhen

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111389

Cited by 71 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…However, research in cloud computing largely follows two paths. The first is designing mechanisms to enhance cloud-based applications have improved quality of service 16 – 18 and designing power-efficient data centre cooling systems 19 , 20 . A review of existing work in cloud computing platforms application with relations to environmental biodiversity is in Table 1 .…”

Section: Background Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Networked computing systems for bio-diversity and environmental preservation

Periola

Alonge

Ogudo

2022

Sci Rep

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Computing platforms have a high water footprint that poses threat to biodiversity preservation. The high water footprint reduces water availability for habitat preservation. Hence, approaches that reduce the water footprint are needful. The presented research proposes an approach that reduces the need for water in future computing platforms. It proposes a hybrid computing platform that comprises terrestrial and non-terrestrial computing platforms. The performance benefit of using hybrid computing platforms is evaluated using the novel water potential metric. The water potential (WP) quantifies the need for water (for cooling) by computing platforms. A low WP shows that computing platforms have reduced the need for water and indicates better performance than a high WP from the perspective of reducing water footprint. Evaluation is done via performance formulation and stochastic simulation of the WP metric. Analysis shows that using the hybrid computing platform instead of the existing approach that utilizes only water-cooled terrestrial data centres reduces the WP by (4.9–93) % on average.

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Section: Background Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Networked computing systems for bio-diversity and environmental preservation

Periola

Alonge

Ogudo

2022

Sci Rep

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“…Amongst these methods, cooling using natural cold sources and liquid cooling are two promising techniques for DC cooling systems. [10][11][12] When the outdoor ambient temperature is lower than the ambient temperature of a DC, natural cold sources can be used for cooling, and the heat of the DC can be directly dissipated to the outdoor environment without mechanical refrigeration. 13 Therefore, increasing the application of natural cold sources can reduce the use of compressors, thereby reducing the energy consumption for cooling the DC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The different levels of implementation have different operating conditions, heat dissipation efficiencies and types and sizes of LTCSs. 10,21,22 The room-level LTCS cools an entire data room by enabling the dissipation of heat from internet technology equipment to the room. Qian et al 23 proposed a heat pipe cooling system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of pump-driven chip-level two-phase cooling system for data centres

Wang

Cheng

Yang

et al. 2023

Indoor and Built Environment

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In this study, we proposed and designed a pump-driven chip-level two-phase cooling system (PCTCS) and experimentally demonstrated that it can directly cool central processing units in data centres (DCs). The operation of the PCTCS involves an internal refrigerant cycle (IRC) and an external water cycle (EWC). Within the IRC, multiple mini-channel evaporators enable the dissipation of heat from the CPUs in the servers through a plate heat exchanger to initiate the EWC, which is followed by the dissipation of the heat to the environment. We performed experiments to systematically analyze the effects of key operation parameters on PCTCS performance of the IRC. The results indicated that the average and the highest core temperature of the CPUs were 76.3°C and 79.0°C, respectively, under extremely harsh heat dissipation conditions. The key driving component of the PCTCS is a refrigerant pump with high energy efficiency ratio (EERp) defined as ratio of heat dissipated by the power of the refrigerant pump. The EERp was 17–18 when the CPUs were at 0% load and 38–42 and 68–76 when the CPUs were at 50% and 100% loads, respectively. Moreover, optimizing the flow resistance of the IRC can improve the performance of the PCTCS.

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“…Due to the flexibility of installed split heat pipes, they are more mature than monolithic heat pipes. When fitted with a mechanical pump to increase the driving force for the flow, power-split heat pipe systems can operate in data centers with long duct lengths, large height differences, multiple branches, large heat fluxes, or limitations in installation [22,23]. In addition, compared to natural direct cooling on the air side, this system does not require the direct introduction of outside air, thereby avoiding the former problem of equipment failure due to contamination by outdoor particulate matter and uncontrolled humidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of an Evaporative Condensation System Coupled to a Microchannel-Separated Heat Pipe for Data Centers

et al. 2022

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In the age of the digital economy, the data center is the most crucial piece of infrastructure. The issue of the excessive power consumption of a data center’s cooling system needs to be addressed as the national objective of “peak carbon and carbon neutrality” is increasingly promoted. In this study, a microchannel-separated heat pipe-cooling system with evaporative condensation is introduced. The system may switch between three modes of operation in response to changes in outdoor air quality parameters, thereby maximizing the utilization of natural cooling sources while lowering data centers’ cooling costs. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the energy-saving potential of the hybrid system through experimental tests. The results show that 114.4% is the ideal liquid-loading rate for the heat pipe system. Under working conditions in Xi’an, the annual operating hours of the three modes accounted for 47.2%, 6.1%, and 46.7%. The hybrid cooling system may save 62.04% of the energy used annually compared to the standard cooling system and the cooling system in the server room thanks to its yearly average COP of 9.43.

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Principles of loop thermosyphon and its application in data center cooling systems: A review

Cited by 71 publications

References 93 publications

Networked computing systems for bio-diversity and environmental preservation

Networked computing systems for bio-diversity and environmental preservation

Experimental study of pump-driven chip-level two-phase cooling system for data centres

Analysis of an Evaporative Condensation System Coupled to a Microchannel-Separated Heat Pipe for Data Centers

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