Probabilistic risk assessment of common booster biocides in surface waters of the harbours of Gran Canaria (Spain)

Sánchez-Rodríguez, Álvaro; Sosa‐Ferrera, Zoraida; Santana-del-Pino, Ángelo; Santana‐Rodríguez, José Juan

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.038

Cited by 28 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Several studies have evaluated the toxicity of booster biocides on non-target species and have found most of them to be growth inhibitors for freshwater and marine autotrophs [37], influencing key species, such as sea grasses [38] and corals [39]. Therefore, there is increasing interest in the impact of these compounds on the aquatic ecosystems [40]. …”

Section: Present Situation Of Biocide Use In Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Guardiola

Cuesta

Meseguer

et al. 2012

IJMS

213

101

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Biocides are chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is having a significant impact on the marine ecosystems. As the industry expands, it requires the use of more drugs, disinfectants and antifoulant compounds (biocides) to eliminate the microorganisms in the aquaculture facilities. The use of biocides in the aquatic environment, however, has proved to be harmful as it has toxic effects on the marine environment. Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to the organotin compounds found in antifouling products after restrictions were imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT). The replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. The biocides that are most commonly used in antifouling paints include chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, Sea-nine 211®), Diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMS pyridine (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl pyridine), zinc pyrithione and Zineb. There are two types of risks associated with the use of biocides in aquaculture: (i) predators and humans may ingest the fish and shellfish that have accumulated in these contaminants and (ii) the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This paper provides an overview of the effects of antifouling (AF) biocides on aquatic organisms. It also provides some insights into the effects and risks of these compounds on non-target organisms.

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Section: Present Situation Of Biocide Use In Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Guardiola

Cuesta

Meseguer

et al. 2012

IJMS

213

101

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“…The presence of Irgarol 1051 in water samples from the Arzal reservoir was due to its use in antifouling paints. Irgarol 1051 has been one of the mostly used booster biocide in antifouling paints worldwide and is has frequently been detected in coastal marine environments and lakes, especially close to marinas where its concentrations are frequently higher than in other harbours (Hall et al, 1999;Sánchez-Rodríguez et al 2011;Hall and Gardinali 2004). This compound has a long half-life in the environment (ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of herbicides and booster biocides along estuarine continuums in the Bay of Vilaine area (Brittany, France)

Caquet

Roucaute

Mazzella

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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A 2-year study was implemented to characterize the contamination of estuarine continuums in the Bay of Vilaine area (NW Atlantic Coast, Southern Brittany, France) by 30 pesticide and biocide active substances and metabolites. Among these, 11 triazines (ametryn, atrazine, desethylatrazine, desethylterbuthylazine, desisopropyl atrazine, Irgarol 1051, prometryn, propazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, and terbutryn), 10 phenylureas (chlortoluron, diuron, 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea, fenuron, isoproturon, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-methylurea, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-urea, linuron, metoxuron, and monuron), and 4 chloroacetanilides (acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, and metazachlor) were detected at least once. The objectives were to assess the corresponding risk for aquatic primary producers and to provide exposure information for connected studies on the responses of biological parameters in invertebrate sentinel species. The risk associated with contaminants was assessed using risk quotients based on the comparison of measured concentrations with original species sensitivity distribution-derived hazardous concentration values. For EU Water Framework Directive priority substances, results of monitoring were also compared with regulatory Environmental Quality Standards. The highest residue concentrations and risks for primary producers were recorded for diuron and Irgarol 1051 in Arzal reservoir, close to a marina. Diuron was present during almost the all survey periods, whereas Irgarol 1051 exhibited a clear seasonal pattern, with highest concentrations recorded in June and July. These results suggest that the use of antifouling biocides is responsible for a major part of the contamination of the lower part of the Vilaine River course for Irgarol 1051. For diuron, agricultural sources may also be involved. The presence of isoproturon and chloroacetanilide herbicides on some dates indicated a significant contribution of the use of plant protection products in agriculture to the contamination of Vilaine River. Concentration levels and associated risk were always lower in estuarine sites than in the reservoir, suggesting that Arzal dam reduces downstream transfer of contaminants and favors their degradation in the freshwater part of the estuary. Results of the additional monitoring of two tidal streams located downstream of Arzal dam suggested that, although some compounds may be transferred to the estuary, their impact was probably very low. Dilution by marine water associated with tidal current was also a major factor of concentration reduction. It is concluded that the highest risks associated to herbicides and booster biocides concerned the freshwater part of the estuary and that its brackish/saltwater part was exposed to a moderate risk, although some substances may sometimes exhibit high concentration but mainly at low tide and on an irregular basis.

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“…Average concentrations of diuron in the ports of Apulia were comparable with those reported by other authors (<7 and 366 ng L À1 ) 44,45 but lower than those measured elsewhere in the world (up to 2.160 ng L À1 ) 46 and higher than the levels recorded in Japan, (mean 84 ng L À1 ) 47 and in Gran Canaria's coastal areas in 2007-2009 (2.3-203.6 ng L À1 ). 10,48 Diuron was detected in all Albanian water samples, too. Diuron levels (1.9-93.9 ng L À1 ) were lower than those observed in Italy, except for MN and SH, exhibiting comparable amounts of herbicides.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Booster Biocides In Seawatermentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In Europe, irgarol was in the range of <1-338 ng L À1 . [9][10][11] Moreover, concentrations of irgarol up to 1816 ng L À1 were detected in the Eastern coastal areas of USA; 12 up to 304 ng L À1 in California; 13 up to 4200 ng L À1 in Asia (Singapore), 14 up to 4800 ng L À1 in South America (Brazil) 15 and up to 6 ng L À1 in Australia. 16 With regard to diuron, levels as high as 2000 ng L À1 were found in Europe (Spain), 17 1540 ng L À1 in Japan; 18 2160 ng L À1 in Australia, 16 and 7800 ng L À1 in Brazil, 15 whereas lower levels, down to 68 ng L À1 , were detected in California.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

First evaluation of the threat posed by antifouling biocides in the Southern Adriatic Sea

Manzo

Ansanelli

Parrella

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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The CARISMA project (characterization and ecological risk analysis of antifouling biocides in the Southern Adriatic Sea) aims to appraise the quality of the Southern Adriatic Sea between Italy (Apulia region) and Albania and, in particular, the impact due to the use of biocidal antifouling coatings. Under this project, a preliminary survey at the main hot spots of contamination (e.g. ports and marinas) was conducted at the end of the nautical season in 2012. Chemical seawater analyses were complemented with ecotoxicological assays and the results were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). As expected, PCA splits the Albanian and Italian ports, according to the different degrees of contamination indicated for the two countries by the experimental data, highlighting the most critical situation in one port of Apulia. In addition, in order to assess the potential adverse ecological effects posed by antifouling agents (i.e. tributyltin (TBT)-irgarol-diuron) on non-target marine organisms, hazard quotients (HQ) were calculated. The results showed a low risk posed by irgarol and diuron whereas the probability of adverse effects was high in the case of TBT.

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Probabilistic risk assessment of common booster biocides in surface waters of the harbours of Gran Canaria (Spain)

Cited by 28 publications

References 39 publications

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Risk assessment of herbicides and booster biocides along estuarine continuums in the Bay of Vilaine area (Brittany, France)

First evaluation of the threat posed by antifouling biocides in the Southern Adriatic Sea

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