Process monitoring of chalcopyrite photovoltaic technologies by Raman spectroscopy: an application to low cost electrodeposition based processes

Low temperature formation of CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 solar cell absorbers by all printed multiple species nanoparticulate Se + Cu–In + Cu–Ga precursors

“…Those signals were attributed to the copper-gold structure (CA) of chalcopyrite materials which is reported by various authors [32,40,41]. The Raman A1 mode is shifted to 183 cm −1 [32] for the CA structure which corresponds to the shoulder observed in the present work, while pure chalcopyrite (CH) structure shows Raman signals at 173 cm −1 [32][33][34]. Fig.…”

“…By XRD characterisation the Cu 2 − x Se secondary phase cannot be excluded explicitly but by Raman measurements the A1 mode of CISe at 173 cm −1 [32][33][34] and the signals for Cu 2 − x Se reported at 260 cm −1 by Ishii et al [35] and 263 cm −1 Salomé et al [36] can be distinguished clearly. In the measurements shown in Fig.…”

Raman scattering in orthorhombic CuInS2 nanocrystals

“…Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 . Raman spectroscopy is known to be an efficient tool for the identification of the crystal structure, stoichiometry, and secondary phases in ternary and quaternary chalcogenides . Only a few Raman scattering studies of uncommon phases of CuInS 2 have been reported so far , indicating that further more extensive experimental and theoretical investigations of lattice dynamics of CIS polymorphs are required.…”

Towards high performance Cd-free CZTSe solar cells with a ZnS(O,OH) buffer layer: the influence of thiourea concentration on chemical bath deposition

“…composition change or nanotexturization. [30][31][32] In the measured spectra a ZnO-like LO is very close to that from the measured pure ZnO reference. This indicates that this layer has a very low S content, with a value S/(S+O) < 0.04 according to the dependence of the frequency of this peak on the S/(S+O) content reported in A. Polity et al [33] In the spectra from the 0.35 M and 0.40 M samples only CZTSe characteristic Raman peaks were observed.…”