Processing of Waste from Enrichment with the Production of Cement Clinker and the Extraction of Zinc

Abstract

This paper presents studies on the processing of enrichment tailings as a component of a raw mixture in order to obtain cement clinker, with simultaneous distillation of zinc. Thermodynamic studies were carried out in the temperature range of 600–1600 °C using the software application “HSC Chemistry 6” developed by the metallurgical company Outokumpu (Finland). As a result of the conducted studies, we found that zinc contributes to the intensification of mineral formation of cement clinker. In particular, it was found that the formation of belite is possible in the temperature range from 990.7 to 1500 °C with Gibbs energy values of −0.01 and −323.8 kJ (which is better than the standard process by −11.4 kJ), respectively; the formation of alite is possible in the temperature range from 982.9 to 1500 °C with Gibbs energy values of −0.05 and −402.1 kJ (better than the standard process by −11.4 kJ), respectively; the formation of tricalcium aluminate is thermodynamically possible in the temperature range from 600 °C at ΔGTo = −893.8 kJ to 1500 °C at ΔGTo = −1899.3 kJ (better than the standard process by −1570.1 kJ), respectively; and the formation of four calcium aluminoferrite is possible in the temperature range from 600 °C at ΔGTo = −898.9 kJ to 1500 °C at ΔGTo = −1959.3 kJ (better than the standard process by −1570.2 kJ), respectively, with simultaneous distillation of zinc into a gaseous state for its further capture.

Modeling of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Waste Disposal with the Production of Iron Silicides and Zinc Distillation

“…Industrial waste located in dumps and containing in its chemical composition heavy non-ferrous metals and various compounds of silicon, calcium, aluminum and iron has a negative impact on the environment from the point of view of ecology, in particular on public health, flora and fauna [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. However, based on its chemical composition, it is valuable and can serve as a secondary technogenic raw material for various kinds of industries, for example in the metallurgical, construction, chemical and other industries [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 …”

Study of the Properties of Antifriction Rings under Severe Plastic Deformation

“…The following traditional methods are most commonly used in industry to refine the structure of such metals: heat treatment based on phase transformations, cold pressure treatment of metals followed by heat treatment, often in the form of recrystallization annealing, and thermomechanical treatment. Such conventional methods allow to grind the microstructure to ultrafine grains (d ≈ 1–10 μm) [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In recent years, many articles have been written showing that there are severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods that can remove this limitation and grind the microstructure to 0.1 μm and below directly during deformation [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Experimental Analysis of the Stress State of a Prestressed Cylindrical Shell with Various Structural Parameters

“…The works [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] present the results of studies, including the modeling of shell structures under various static and dynamic loads, where studies were also carried out taking into account the deformations of the shell body (pipelines, reservoirs, cisterns, etc.). In the studies [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], work was carried out to study the effect of damage and defects in steel wrappings on the stiffness and natural frequencies of prestressed pipes as well as the characteristics of metals. Nonlinear analysis of prestressed round cylindrical shells’ free vibrations was studied, and the simultaneous influence of the prestressed state and the elastic foundation on the eigenfrequencies of shells under various boundary conditions was considered in detail.…”

“…The results of the above works [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] show the general issues of construction and design of steel structures with and without prestressing shells.…”