Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Shapiro‐Ilan, David I.; Han, Richou; Qiu, Xuehong

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391453-8.00010-8

Cited by 71 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Oxygen transfer is the central problem for the bacterial symbiont in commercial bioreactors (Gaugler and Han, 2002). Regarding the nematode oxygen demands, studies have addressed the importance of this parameter (Shapiro-Ilan et al, 2012;Shapiro-Ilan et al, 2014), and Chavarria-Hern andez et al (2014) (g nematode-wet base h)] for the J1, J2, J3, J4, and adult stages of Steinernema carpocapsae, respectively. Oxygen is poorly soluble in water resulting in the need for stirring impellers, gas-injecting spargers, and internal loops to increase transfer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Nutrient Concentration, Addition of Thickeners, and Agitation Speed on Liquid Fermentation of Steinernema feltiae

Leite¹,

Shapiro‐Ilan²,

Hazır³

et al. 2016

Journal of Nematology

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Entomopathogenic nematode production in liquid fermentation still requires improvements to maximize efficiency, yield, and nematode quality. Therefore, this study was aimed at developing a more suitable liquid medium for mass production of Steinernema feltiae, by assessing the effects of nutrient concentration, thickeners (primarily agar), and agitation speed on infective juvenile (IJ) yield. Base medium (BM) contained yeast extract (2.3%), egg yolk (1.25%), NaCl (0.5%), and corn oil (4%). All media were inoculated with Xenorhabdus bovienii, and 2 d later, with 2-d-old S. feltiae juveniles. For the nutrient concentration experiment, we evaluated the base medium versus a modified base medium containing all the components, but with 33 concentrations of yeast extract (6.9%), egg yolk (3.75%), and corn oil (12%). The nematodes and bacteria were cultured in 150-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 ml of liquid medium at (258C) and 180 rpm on a rotary shaker incubator. To assess the effect of thickeners, IJs were inoculated in BM with agar (0.2%), carrageen (0.2%), and carboxymethyl cellulose (0.2% and 0.5%). The addition of 33 more nutrients relative to the BM resulted in a significantly lower yield of nematodes. For agar and agitation speed experiments, five levels of agar in the BM (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% agar) and two agitation speeds (180 and 280 rpm) were evaluated for production. Increasing agitation speed from 180 to 280 rpm and higher levels of agar in the medium (. 0.2%) significantly increased the yield of bacteria. At the lower agitation speed, media amended with 0.4% and 0.6% agar produced higher nematode yields compared to media without agar. Media with 0.2% and 0.8% agar resulted in intermediate levels of nematode production. At the higher agitation speed, media supplemented with 0.8% agar resulted in the lowest yield of nematodes when compared to the other media tested. Results indicated that increasing nutrient concentration levels was detrimental to nematode production. Also, media containing agar (0.4% and 0.6%) increased nematode yields when cultures were grown at low agitation speed. When IJs were used as the inoculum, 0.2% agar also enhanced recovery and nematode yield at the higher agitation speed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, EPNs have been developed as biological control agents, especially to control soil dwelling insect pests (Shapiro-Ilan et al, 2014). These nematodes carry the bacteria in their gut.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Nutrient Concentration, Addition of Thickeners, and Agitation Speed on Liquid Fermentation of Steinernema feltiae

Leite¹,

Shapiro‐Ilan²,

Hazır³

et al. 2016

Journal of Nematology

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“…However, costs associated with solid media technologies are much higher than in vivo technologies. The high production cost is mainly associated with labour, materials and storage area, while large scale commercial farms' nematode needs can be met by the capital investment mass propagation methods using fermentation chambers [101][102][103] . Although mass production in submerged culture offers cost-efficiency, capital and technical expertise is still required.…”

Section: IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes- A Review

Devi¹

2018

IJEAB

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“…Actualmente există două produse comerciale pe bază de S. kraussei, utlilizabile pentru combaterea larvelor de Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius 1775) (BASF 2013, Shapiro-Ilan et al 2014, EPPO 2016, Bioline AgroSciences Ltd, 2017, dar este puțin probabil ca utilizarea unui asemenea produs în silvicultură să fie rentabilă, atâta timp cât prețul produselor pe bază de nematode entomopatogene este prohibitiv chiar și pentru utilizarea lor în agricultură (Půža & Nermut' 2015). Produsul Nemasys® de la BASF, pe bază de S. kraussei, costă 10,95 £ pentru un pachet cu 6 millioane nematode, utilizabil pentru a trata doar 12 m 2 , iar pachetul cu 50 milioane nematode, utilizabil pentru a trata 100 m 2 costă 29,95 £ (Anonymous, 2017 (Prenerová 1995), și că mortalitatea larvelor de C. abietis este relativ rapidă (LT50 de la 2,6 până la 11,1 zile) (Markova 2000).…”

Section: Oleniciunclassified

Cephalcia abietis (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) - un nou dăunător al pădurilor de molid din România

Olenici¹

2017

Bucov. For.

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Olenici N., 2017. Cephalcia abietis (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) -a new pest of the Norway spruce forests in Romania. Bucov. For. 17(1): 7-36.Abstract. Defoliation of some Norway spruce stands, caused by Cephalcia abi etis, was first reported in Romania in the autumn of 2015. The outbreak has affected 58 ha in the Eastern Carpathians and 190 ha in the Southern Carpathians. The species was previously known only as a faunistic element in the country and very little information on its biology, ecology, detection, forecast and population control is available in the Romanian literature. This paper is a synthesis of information concerning the web-spinning spruce sawfly, whose aim is to fill the knowledge gap. C. abietis is a species with a vast distribution area, but repeated outbreaks were reported especially from Central Europe. In the outbreak areas, the most insects of a generation need 2-3 years to complete their development, so that an intense flight and a stronger defoliation take place every 2-3 years. Although mortality factors affecting the populations of C. abietis are very numerous, they fail to keep defoliator populations under control and outbreaks may extend for a long time. Mass multiplication occurs mainly in pure Norway spruce stands older than 60 years, at medium altitudes (600-1000 m), in places exposed to periodic drought or pollution. Biological and ecological peculiarities of this species make the prognosis of defoliation much more labor intensive than that for other defoliators, although quite uncertain. The chemical control, with partially selective insecticides (chitin synthesis inhibitors), was usual during recent decades, while biological control is still in the experimental phase. Consequently, greater emphasis should be placed on preventing mass multiplication of this species. Keywords spruce web-spinning sawfly, biology, ecology, outbreaks, detection, control. IntroducereModificările suferite de ecosistemele terestre fac ca unele organisme să aibă de suferit, să îşi reducă efectivele populaţionale şi în unele cazuri să dispară, astfel încât în prezent se consideră că suntem în faţa celui de al 6-lea mare val de extincţii în masă din îndelungata istorie

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Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Cited by 71 publications

References 108 publications

The Effects of Nutrient Concentration, Addition of Thickeners, and Agitation Speed on Liquid Fermentation of Steinernema feltiae

The Effects of Nutrient Concentration, Addition of Thickeners, and Agitation Speed on Liquid Fermentation of Steinernema feltiae

Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes- A Review

Cephalcia abietis (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) - un nou dăunător al pădurilor de molid din România

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