“…Critics noted that programs vary in terms of admission requirements, curriculum, and the required knowledge base of teachers in the classroom (Cochran-Smith et al, 2015;Levine, 2006). The largest producers of alternative programs include local education agencies, private non-profit organization, EMOs (Constantine et al, 2009;Levine, 2006;Raphael & Tobias, 1997), and perhaps not surprisingly, university-based education schools that house a number of alternative and fasttrack programs (Walsh & Jacobs, 2007).…”