Progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein are overexpressed in human uterine leiomyomas

Etiology and pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: a review.

“…Both forms of PR (PR-A and PR-B) are expressed in leiomyomas and myometrium, with the concentration of PR-A higher than that of PR-B in both tissues (Viville et al 1997). In one study PR-A levels were increased in leiomyomata compared with the matched myometrium (Brandon et al 1993).…”

“…In the majority of the studies reviewed, the concentrations of both the ERs and PRs were greater in leiomyomata than the myometrium Brandon et al 1993Brandon et al , 1995Buchi and Keller 1983;Eiletz et al 1980;Englund et al 1998;Kawaguchi et al 1991;Lessl et al 1997;Marugo et al 1989;Nisolle et al 1999;Otsuka et al 1989;Pollow et al 1978a;Puukka et al 1976;Rein et al 1990c;Sadan et al 1987;Soules and McCarty 1982;Tamaya et al 1979Tamaya et al , 1985Vij et al 1990;Viville et al 1997;Vollenhoven et al 1994;Wilson et al 1980). In addition, Sadan et al found the ER and PR to be elevated in fibroids during all phases of the menstrual cycle when compared with matched myometria (Sadan et al 1987).…”

Gynaecological uses of a new class of steroids: the selective progesterone receptor modulators

“…Mitotic activity is maximal during the luteal phase [59]. Several studies have shown an up-regulation of PR in uterine leiomyomata compared with normal adjacent myometrium at mRNA and protein levels [60]. The expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 is also increased in leiomyomata, when compared with that in normal myometrium, and up-regulated by progesterone [60].…”

“…Several studies have shown an up-regulation of PR in uterine leiomyomata compared with normal adjacent myometrium at mRNA and protein levels [60]. The expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 is also increased in leiomyomata, when compared with that in normal myometrium, and up-regulated by progesterone [60]. Expression of epidermal growth factor, a proliferative cytokine, and Bcl2, an apoptosisinhibiting protein is also increased in fibroids relative to the adjacent myometrium, specifically during the secretory phase [61].…”

“…During the luteal phase, in the primate uterus, progesterone inhibits estrogen induced mitotic activity in the functional zones of the endometrial epithelium but shows some stimulatory effect on both the basalis and endometrial angiogenesis [7]. Progesterone can also play a key role on growth of benign smooth muscles tumours from uterine myometrium [8][9][10]. In normal breast epithelial cells, progesterone has important mitogenic properties with a peak of a mitotic activity during the luteal phase [11].…”